Improved method for the biosynthesis of vitamin e

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to improved processes for the biosynthesis of vitamin E. These processes comprise inhibiting the breakdown of homogentisate via maleyl acetoacetate and fumaryl acetoacetate to give fumarate and acetoacetate. Also in accordance with the invention is the combination of this inhibition with processes which increase the supply of homogentisate, or which promote the conversion of homogentisate into vitamin E.  
     According to the invention are nucleic acid constructs and vectors with which the processes according to the invention can be carried out, and transgenic plant organisms generated on the basis of this.

[0001] The invention relates to improved processes for the biosynthesis of vitamine E. These processes are characterized by inhibiting homogentisate (HG) breakdown via maleyl acetoacetate (MAA), fumaryl acetoacetate (FAA) to give fumarate and acetoacetate. Also in accordance with the invention is the combination of this inhibition with processes which further increase the supply of homogentisate, or which promote the conversion of homogentisate into vitamin E.

[0002] Homogentisate is an important metabolite. It is a degradation product of the amino acids tyrosine and phenylalanine. In humans and animals, homogentisate is broken down further to maleyl acetoacetate, subsequently to fumaryl acetoacetate and then into fumarate and acetoacetate. Plants and other photosynthesizing microorganism furthermore utilize homogentisate as starting material for the synthesis of tocopherols and tocotrienols.

[0003] The naturally occurring eight compounds with vitamin E activity are derivatives of 6-chromanol (Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Vol. A 27 (1996), VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Chapter 4., 478-488, vitamin E). The tocopherol group (1a-d) has a saturated side chain, while the tocotrienol group (2a-d) has an unsaturated side chain:

[0004] 1a, α-tocopherol: R¹═R²═R³═CH₃

[0005] 1b, β-tocopherol [148-03-8]: R¹═R³ ═CH₃, R²═H

[0006] 1c, γ-tocopherol [54-28-4]: R¹═H, R²═R³═CH₃

[0007] 1d, δ-tocopherol [119-13-1]: R¹═R²═H, R³═CH₃

[0008] 2a, α-tocotrienol [1721-51-3]: R¹═R²═R³═CH₃

[0009] 2b, β-tocotrienol [490-23-3]: R¹═R³═CH₃, R²═H

[0010] 2c, γ-tocotrienol [14101-61-2]: R¹═H, R²═R³═CH₃

[0011] 2d, δ-tocotrienol [25612-59-3]: R¹═R²═H, R³═CH₃

[0012] For the purposes of the present invention, vitamin E is to be understood as meaning all of the eight abovementioned tocopherols and tocotrienols with vitamin E activity.

[0013] These compounds with vitamin E activity are important natural lipid-soluble antioxidants. Vitamin E deficiency leads to pathophysiological situations in humans and animals. It has been revealed in epidemiological studies that food supplementation with vitamin E reduces the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases or cancer. Furthermore, a positive effect on the immune system and the prevention of general age-related degenerative symptoms have been described (Traber M G, Sies H; Annu Rev Nutr. 1996;16:321-47). The function of vitamin E is probably a stabilization of the biomembranes and a reduction of free radicals as they are formed, for example, upon the lipid oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs).

[0014] Little work has gone into studying the function of vitamin E in the plants themselves. Possibly, however, it seems to play an important role in the stress response of the plant, in particular oxidative stress. Increased vitamin E levels were linked to improved stability and shelf life of plant-derived products. The supplementation with vitamin E of animal nutrition products has a positive effect on meat quality and the shelf life of the meat and meat products in, for example, pigs, cattle and poultry.

[0015] Thus, vitamin E compounds are of great economic value as additives in the food and feed sectors, in pharmaceutical formulations and in cosmetic applications.

[0016] In nature, vitamin E is synthesized exclusively by plants and other photosynthetically active organisms (for example cyanobacteria). The vitamin E content varies greatly. Most of the staple food plants (for example wheat, rice, maize, potato) only have a very low vitamin E content (Hess, Vitamin E, α-tocopherol, In Antioxidants in Higher Plants, editors: R. Ascher and J. Hess, 1993, CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 111-134). As a rule, oil crops have a markedly higher vitamin E content, with β-, γ- and δ-tocopherol dominating. The recommended daily dose of vitamin E is 15-30 mg.

[0017]FIG. 1 shows a biosynthetic scheme of tocopherols and tocotrienols.

[0018] During biosynthesis, homogentisic acid (homogentisate; HG) is bound to phytyl pyrophosphate (PPP) or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate in order to form the precursors of α-tocopherol and α-tocotrienol, namely 2-methylphytylhydroquinone and 2-methylgeranylgeranyl hydroquinone, respectively. Methylation steps with S-adenosylmethionine as methyl donor first gives 2,3-dimethyl-6-phytylhydroquinone, cyclization then gives γ-tocopherol, and further methylation gives α-tocopherol. Furthermore, β- and δ-tocopherol can be synthesized by methylation of 2-methylphytylhydroquinone.

[0019] Little is known as yet about increasing the metabolite flux to increase the tocopherol or tocotrienol content in transgenic organisms, for example in transgenic plants, by overexpressing individual biosynthesis genes.

[0020] WO 97/27285 describes a modification of the tocopherol content by increased expression or by downregulation of the enzyme p-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD).

[0021] WO 99/04622 describes gene sequences encoding a γ-tocopherol methyltransferase from Synechocystis PCC6803 and Arabidopsis thaliana, and its incorporation into transgenic plants.

[0022] WO 99/23231 demonstrates that the expression of a geranylgeranyl oxidoreductase in transgenic plants results in an increased tocopherol biosynthesis.

[0023] WO 00/10380 shows a modification of the vitamin E composition using 2-methyl-6-phytylplastoquinol methyltransferase.

[0024] It has been shown by Shintani and DellaPenna that overexpression of γ-tocopherol methyltransferase can markedly increase the vitamin E content (Shintani and Dellapenna, Science 282 (5396):2098-2100, 1998).

[0025] All reactions of vitamin E biosynthesis involve homogentisate. As yet, most studies have concentrated on the overexpression of genes of vitamin E or homogentisate biosynthesis (see above). The competing reactions which break down homogentisage and thus remove it from vitamin E biosynthesis have received little attention to date.

[0026] The breakdown of homogentisate via maleyl acetoacetate and fumaryl acetoacetate into fumarate and acetoacetate has been described for nonphotosynthetically active organisms, mainly animal organisms (Fernandez-Canon J M et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1995; 92 (20):9132-9136). Animal organisms exploit this metabolic pathway for breaking down aromatic amino acids which are predominantly ingested with the food. Its function and relevance in plants, in contrast, is unclear. The reactions are catalyzed by homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD; EC No.: 1.13.11.5), maleyl-acetoacetate isomerase (MAAI; EC No.: 5.2.1.2.) and fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase (FAAH; EC No.: 3.7.1.2).

[0027] The Arabidopsis thaliana homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) gene is known (Genbank Acc.-No. AF130845). Owing to a homology with the Emericella nidulans fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase (gb|L41670), the Arabidopsis thaliana fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase gene had already been annotated as having similarity to the former (Genbank Acc.-No. AC002131). However, express mention may be made in the relevant Genbank entry that the annotation alone is based on similarity and not on experimental data. The Arabidopsis maleyl-acetoacetate isomerase (MAAI) gene was present in Genbank as a gene (AC005312), but annotated as a putative glutathione S-transferase. An Emericella nidulans MAAI was known (Genbank Acc.-No. EN 1837).

[0028] In an abstract (Abstract No. 413) presented at the 1999 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Plant Physiologists (Jul. 24-28, 1999, Baltimore, USA), Tsegaye et al. conjecture an advantage in the combination of a cross of HPPD-overexpressing plants with plants in which HGD is downregulated by an antisense approach.

[0029] Despite some success, there continues to exist a demand for optimizing vitamin E biosynthesis.

[0030] It is an object of the present invention to provide further processes which influence the vitamin E biosynthetic pathway and thus lead to further advantageous transgenic plants with an elevated vitamin E content.

[0031] We have found that this object is achieved by identifying the homogentisate/maleyl acetoacetate/fumaryl acetoacetate/fumarate catabolic pathway as essential competitive pathway for the vitamin E biosynthetic pathway. We have found that inhibition of this catabolic pathway results in an optimization of vitamin E biosynthesis.

[0032] Accordingly, the present invention firstly relates to processes for a vitamin E production by reducing the HGD, MAAI and/or FAAH activity. A combination of the above-described inhibition of the homogentisate catabolic pathway with other processes which lead to an improved vitamin E biosynthesis by promoting the conversion of homogentisate into vitamin E proves to be especially advantageous. This can be realized by an increased supply of reactants or by an increased reaction of homogentisate with precisely these reactants. This effect can be achieved for example by overexpressing homogentisate phytyltransferase (HGPT), geranylgeranyl oxidoreductase, 2-methyl-6-phytylplastoquinol methyltransferase or γ-tocopherol methyltransferase.

[0033] A combination with genes which promote formation of homogentisate, such as, for example, HPPD or the TyrA gene, is furthermore advantageous.

[0034] Inhibition of the catabolic pathway from homogentisate via maleyl acetoacetate and fumaryl acetoacetate to give fumarate and acetatoacetate can be realized in a plurality of ways.

[0035] The invention relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence (anti-MAAI/FAAH), which is capable of inhibiting the maleyl acetoacetate/fumaryl acetoacetate/fumarate pathway, or one of its functional equivalents.

[0036] The invention furthermore relates to above-described nucleic acid constructs which, besides the anti-MAAI/FAAH nucleic acid sequence, additionally comprise at least one nucleic acid sequence (pro-HG) which is capable of increasing the biosynthesis of homogentisate (HG), or one of its functional equivalents, or at least one nucleic acid sequence (pro-vitamin E) which is capable of increasing vitamin E biosynthesis starting from homogentisate, or one of its functional equivalents, or a combination of pro-HG and pro-vitamin E, or their functional equivalents.

[0037] The invention furthermore relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising a nucleic acid sequence (anti-HGD) which is capable of inhibiting homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD), or one of its functional equivalents.

[0038] The invention furthermore relates to said anti-HGD nucleic acid constructs which, besides the anti-HGD nucleic acid sequence, additionally comprise at least one nucleic acid sequence encoding a bifunctional chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase (TyrA), or one of its functional equivalents, or at least one nucleic acid sequence (pro-vitamin E), which is capable of increasing vitamin E biosynthesis starting from homogentisate, or one of its function equivalents, or a combination of pro-vitamin E and TyrA sequences, or one of their functional equivalents.

[0039] TyrA encodes a bifunctional chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase from E. coli, a hydroxyphenylpyruvate synthase containing the enzymatic activities of a chorismate mutase and a prephenate dehydrogenase which converts chorismate into hydroxyphenyl pyruvate, the starting material for homogentisate (Christendat D, Turnbull J L. Biochemistry. Apr. 13, 1999;38(15):4782-93; Christopherson R I, Heyde E, Morrison J F. Biochemistry. Mar. 29, 1983;22(7):1650-6.).

[0040] The invention furthermore relates to nucleic acid constructs comprising at least one nucleic acid sequence (pro-HG) which is capable of increasing homogentisate (HG) biosynthesis, or one of its functional equivalents, and at least one nucleic acid sequence (pro-vitamin E) which is capable of increasing vitamin E biosynthesis starting from homogentisate, or one of its functional equivalents.

[0041] Also in accordance with the invention are functional analogs of the abovementioned nucleic acid constructs. Functional analogs means, in this context, for example a combination of the individual nucleic acid sequences

[0042] 1. on a polynucleotide (multiple constructs)

[0043] 2. on several polynucleotides in one cell (cotransformation)

[0044] 3. by crossing various transgenic plants, each of which comprises at least one of said nucleotide sequences.

[0045] The nucleic acid sequences present in the nucleic acid construct are preferably linked functionally to genetic control sequences.

[0046] The transformation according to the invention of plants with a pro-HG-encoding construct leads to an increased homogentise formation. An undesirable efflux of this metabolite is avoided by simultaneously transforming with anti-HGD, or anti-MAAI/FAAH, in particular the anti-MAAI construct. Thus, an increased amount of homogentisate is available in the transgenic plant for the formation of vitamin E, for example, tocopherols, via the intermediates methyl-6-phytylquinol and 2,3-dimethylphytylquinol (cf. FIG. 1). Not only pro-HG, but also anti-MAAI/FAAH or anti-HGD, leads to an increased supply of homogentisate for vitamin E biosynthesis. The conversion of homogentisate into vitamin E can be improved by combined transformation with a pro-vitamin-E-encoding construct and further increases the biosynthes of vitamin E.

[0047] An “increase” in homogentisate biosynthesis is to be interpreted broadly in this context and encompasses an increased homogentisate (HG) biosynthese activity in the plant or the plant part or tissue transformed with a pro-HG construct according to the invention. A variety of strategies for increasing HG biosynthesis activity are encompassed by the invention. The skilled worker recognizes that a series of different methods is available for influencing HG biosynthesis activity in the desired fashion. The processes described subsequently are to be understood as examples and not by way of limitation.

[0048] In the strategy which is preferred in accordance with the invention, a nucleic acid sequence (pro-HG) is used which can be transcribed and translated into a polypeptide which increases HG biosynthesis activity. Examples of such nucleic acid sequences are p-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) from various organisms, or the bacterial TyrA gene product. In addition to the above-described artificial expression of known genes, it is also possible to increase their activity by mutagenizing the polypeptide sequence. Furthermore, increased transcription and translation of the endogenous genes can be achieved, for example, by using artificial transcription factors of the zinc finger protein type (Beerli R R et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000; 97 (4):1495-500). These factors attach to the regulatory regions of the endogenous genes and cause expression or repression of the endogenous gene, depending on how the factor is designed.

[0049] Especially preferred for pro-HG is the use of nucleic acids which encode polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 8, 11 or 16, especially preferably nucleic acids with the sequences described by SEQ ID NO: 7, 10 or 15.

[0050] The “increase” in vitamin E biosynthesis activity is to be understood in a similar fashion, genes being employed here whose activity promote the conversion of homogentisate into vitamin E (tocopherols, tocotrienols) or whose activity promotes the synthesis of reactants of homogentisate such as, for example, phytyl pyrophosphate or geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Examples which may be mentioned are homogentisate-phytyltransferase (HGPT), geranylgeranyl oxidoreduktase, 2-methyl-6-phytylplastoquinol methyltransferase and γ-tocopherol methyltransferase. Especially preferred is the use of nucleic acids which encode polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 14, 20, 22 or 24, especially preferred are those with the sequences described by SEQ ID NO: 13, 19, 21 or 23.

[0051] “Inhibition” is to be interpreted broadly in connection with anti-MAAI/FAAH and/or anti-HGD and encompasses the partial, or essentially complete, repression or blocking of the MAAI/FAAH and/or HGD enzyme activity in the plant or the plant part or tissue transformed with an anti-MAAI/FAAH and/or anti-HGD construct according to the invention, which repression or blocking is based on a variety of mechanisms in terms of cell biology. Inhibition for the purposes of the invention also encompasses a quantitative reduction of active HGD, MAAI or FAAH in the plant up to an essentially complete absence of HGD, MAAI or FAAH protein (i.e. absent detectability of HGD and/or MAAI or FAAH enzyme activity or absent immunological detectability of HGD, MAAI or FAAH).

[0052] A variety of strategies for reducing or inhibiting the HGD or MAAI or FAAH activity are encompassed by the invention. The skilled worker recognizes that a series of different methods is available for influencing the HGD or MAAI or FAAH gene expression or enzyme activity in the desired manner.

[0053] The strategy which is preferred in accordance with the invention encompasses the use of a nucleic acid sequence (anti-MAAI/FAAH and/or anti-HGD) which can be transcribed into an antisense nucleic acid sequence which is capable of inhibiting the HGD or MAAI/FAAH activity, for example by inhibiting the expression of endogenous HGD and/or MAAI or FAAH.

[0054] The anti-HGD and/or anti-MAAI/FAAH nucleic acid sequences according to the invention can, in a preferred embodiment, contain the coding nucleic acid sequence of HGD (anti-HGD) and/or MAAI or FAAH (anti-MAAI/FAAH) inserted in antisense orientation, or functional equivalent fragments of the sequences in question.

[0055] Especially preferred anti-HGD nucleic acid sequences encompass nucleic acid sequences which encode polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3 or functional equivalents thereof. Especially preferred are nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2 or 12 or functional equivalents thereof.

[0056] Especially preferred anti-MAAI/FAAH nucleic acid sequences encompass nucleic acid sequences which encode polypeptides comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 and 18 or functional equivalents thereof. Especially preferred are nucleic acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 4, 6, 9 or 17 or functional equivalents thereof, very especially preferred are the part-sequences shown in SEQ ID NO: 41 or 42, or their functional equivalents.

[0057] A preferred embodiment of the nucleic acid sequences according to the invention encompasses an HGD, MAAI or FAAH sequence motif of SEQ ID NO: 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 17, 41 or 42 in antisense orientation. This leads to an increased transcription of nucleic acid sequences in the transgenic plant which are complementary to the endogenous coding HGD, MAAI or FAAH sequence or a part thereof and which hybridize with this sequence at the DNA or RNA level.

[0058] The antisense strategy can advantageously be combined with a ribozyme method. Ribozymes are catalytically active RNA sequences which, coupled to the antisense sequences, catalytically cleave the target sequences (Tanner N K. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1999; 23 (3):257-75). This can increase the efficacy of an anti-sense strategy.

[0059] Further methods for inhibiting HGD and/or MAAI/FAAH expression encompass the overexpression of homologous HGD and/or MAAI/FAAH nucleic acid sequences, which leads to cosuppression (Jorgensen et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 1996, 31 (5):957-973), induction of the specific RNA breakdown by the plant with the aid of a viral expression system (amplicon) (Angell, S M et al., Plant J. 1999, 20(3):357-362). These methods are also termed “post-transcriptional gene silencing” (PTGS).

[0060] Further methods are the introduction of nonsense mutations into the endogene by means of introducing RNA/DNA oligonucleotides into the plant (Zhu et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 2000, 18(5):555-558) or the generation of knockout mutants with the aid of, for example, T-DNA mutagenesis (Koncz et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 1992, 20(5):963-976) or homologous recombination (Hohn, B. and Puchta, H, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1999, 96:8321-8323.).

[0061] Furthermore, overexpression or repression of genes is also possible using specific DNA-binding factors, for example the abovementioned factors of the zinc finger transcription factor type. Furthermore, factors may be introduced into a cell which inhibit the target protein itself. The protein-binding factors can be, for example, aptamers (Famulok M, and Mayer G. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 1999; 243:123-36).

[0062] The above-described publications and the methods disclosed therein for regulating plant gene expression are herewith expressly referred to.

[0063] An anti-HGD and/or anti-MAAI/FAAH sequence for the purposes of the present invention is thus selected in particular from among:

[0064] a) antisense nucleic acid sequences;

[0065] b) antisense nucleic acid sequences combined with a ribozyme method

[0066] c) nucleic acid sequences encoding homologous HGD and/or MAAI/FAAH and leading to cosuppresion;

[0067] d) viral nucleic acid sequences and expression constructs causing HGD and/or MAAI/FAAH-RNA breakdown;

[0068] e) nonsense mutants of endogenous HGD- or MAAI/FAAH-encoding nucleic acid sequences;

[0069] f) nucleic acid sequences encoding knockout mutants;

[0070] g) nucleic acid sequences which are suitable for homologous recombination;

[0071] h) nucleic acid sequences encoding specific DNA- or protein-binding factors with anti-HGD and/or anti-MAAI/FAAH activity;

[0072] it being possible for the expression of each individual of these anti-HGD or anti-MAAI/FAAH sequences to cause “inhibition” of the HGD and/or MAAI/FAAH activity as defined for the invention. A combined use of such sequences is also feasible.

[0073] A nucleic acid construct or nucleic acid sequence is to be understood as meaning in accordance with the invention for example a genomic or a complementary DNA sequence or an RNA sequence and semisynthetic or fully synthetic analogs thereof.

[0074] These sequences can exist in linear or circular form, extrachromosomally or integrated into the genome. The pro-HG, pro-vitamin E, anti-HGD or anti-MAAI/FAAH nucleotide sequences of the constructs according to the invention can be generated synthetically or obtained naturally or comprise a mixture of synthetic or natural DNA constituents and can be composed of various heterologous HGD, MAAI/FAAH, pro-HG or pro-vitamin E gene segments of various organisms. The anti-HGD and/or anti-MAAI/FAAH sequence can be derived from one or more exons or introns, in particular exons of the HGD, MAAI or FAAH genes.

[0075] Also suitable are artificial nucleic acid sequences as long as they mediate the desired property, for example the increase in the vitamin E content in the plant, by overexpression of at least one pro-HG and/or pro-vitamin E gene and/or expression of an anti-HDG and/or MAAI/FAAH sequence in crop plants, as described above. For example, synthetic nucleotide sequences can be generated which have codons which are preferred by the plants to be transformed. These codons which are preferred by plants can be determined in the customary manner from codons with the highest protein frequency by referring to the codon usage. Such artificial nucleotide sequences can be determined, for example, by backtranslating proteins with HGD and/or MAAI/FAAH and/or pro-HG activity or pro-vitamin E activity which have been constructed by means of molecular modeling, or else by in-vitro selection. Especially suitable are coding nucleotide sequences which have been obtained by backtranslating a polypeptide sequence in accordance with the codon usage which is specific for the host plant. For example, to avoid undesired regulatory mechanisms of the plant, DNA fragments can be backtranslated starting from the amino acid sequence of a bacterial pro-HG, for example the bacterial TyrA gene, taking into consideration the codon usage of the plant, and the complete exogenous pro-HG sequence can be generated therefrom for use in the plant. This is used to express a pro-HG enzyme which is not, or only insufficiently, subject to regulation by the plant, thus allowing full overexpression of the enzyme activity.

[0076] All the abovementioned nucleotide sequences can be prepared in a manner known per se by chemical synthesis starting from the nucleotide units, for example by fragment condensation of individual overlapping complementary nucletic acid units of the double helix. Oligonucleotides can be synthesized chemically for example in a known manner by the phosphoamidite method (Voet, Voet, 2nd Edition, Wiley Press New York, page 896-897). When preparing a nucleic acid construct, various DNA fragments can be manipulated in such a way that a nucleotide sequence is obtained which reads in the correct direction and which has a correct reading frame. To connect the nucleic acid fragments to each other, adaptors or linkers can be added to the fragments. The addition of synthetic oligonucleotides and filling in gaps with the aid of the Klenow fragment of DNA polymerase and ligation reactions and general cloning methods are described in Sambrook et al. (1989), Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.

[0077] Functional equivalents of the pro-HG or pro-vitamin E sequences are those sequences which, despite a deviating nucleotide sequence, still encode a protein with the functions desired in accordance with the invention, i.e. an enzyme whose activity directly or indirectly increases the formation of homogentisate (pro-HG), or an enzyme whose activity directly or indirectly promotes the conversion of homogentisate to vitamin E (pro-vitamin E).

[0078] Functional equivalents of anti-HGD and/or anti-MAAI/FAAH encompass those nucleotide sequences which sufficiently repress the HGD and/or MAAI/FAAH enzyme functions in the transgenic plant. This can be effected for example by preventing or repressing HGD and/or MAAI/FAAH processing, the transport of HGD and/or MAAI/FAAH or their mRNA, inhibiting ribosome attachment, inhibiting RNA splicing, inducing an RNA-degrading enzyme and/or inhibiting translational elongation or termination. Direct repression of the endogenous genes by DNA-binding factors, for example of the zinc finger transcription factor type, is furthermore possible. Direct inhibition of the polypeptides in question, for example by aptamers, is also possible. Various examples are given hereinabove.

[0079] Functional equivalents are also to be understood as meaning, in particular, natural or artificial mutations of an originally isolated sequence encoding HGD and/or MAAI/FAAH or pro-HG or pro-vitamin E which continue to show the desired function. Mutations encompass substitutions, additions, deletions, exchanges or insertions of one or more nucleotide residues. Thus, the present invention also encompasses, for example, those nucleotide sequences which are obtained by modifying the HGD and/or MAAI/FAAH and/or pro-HG or pro-vitamin E nucleotide sequence. The purpose of such a modification may be, for example, the further limitation of the coding sequence contained therein or else, for example, the insertion of further restriction enzyme cleavage sites or the removal of superfluous DNA.

[0080] Techniques known per se, such as in-vitro mutagenesis, primer repair, restriction or ligation may be used in cases where insertions, deletions or substitutions such as, for example, transitions and transversions, are suitable. Complementary ends of the fragments may be provided for ligation by manipulations such as, for example, restrictions, chewing-back or filling in overhangs for blunt ends.

[0081] Substitution is to be understood as meaning the exchange of one or more amino acids for one or more amino acids. Exchanges which are preferably carried out are so-called conservative exchanges where the replaced amino acid has a similar property as the original amino acid, for example the exchange of Glu for Asp, Gln for Asn, Val for Ile, Leu for Ile and Ser for Thr.

[0082] Deletion is the replacement of an amino acid by a direct bond. Preferred positions for deletions are the termini of the polypeptide and the linkages between the individual protein domains.

[0083] Insertions are introductions of amino acids into the polypeptide chain, a direct bond being formally replaced by one or more amino acids.

[0084] Homology between two proteins is understood as meaning the identity of the amino acids over in each case the entire length of the protein which is calculated by comparison with the aid of the program algorithm GAP (UWGCG, University of Wisconsin, Genetic Computer Group) setting the following parameters:

[0085] Gap Weight: 12

[0086] Length Weight: 4

[0087] Average Match: 2.912

[0088] Average Mismatch: −2.003

[0089] Accordingly, a sequence which has at least 20% homology of the nucleic acid level with the sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 is to be understood as meaning a sequence which, upon comparison of its sequence with the sequence SEQ ID NO. 6 using the above program algorithm with the above parameter set, has at least 20% homology.

[0090] Functional equivalents derived from one of the nucleic acid sequences used in the nucleic acid constructs or vectors according to the invention, for example by substitution, insertion or deletion of amino acids or nucleotides, have at least 20% homology, preferably 40% homology, by preference at least 60% homology, preferably at least 80% homology, especially preferably at least 90% homology.

[0091] Further examples for the nucleic acid sequences employed in the nucleic acid constructs or vectors according to the invention can be found readily from various organisms whose genomic sequence is known, such as, for example, Arabidopsis thaliana, by homology alignments of the amino acid sequences or from the corresponding backtranslated nucleic acid sequences from databases.

[0092] Functional equivalents also encompass those variants whose function is reduced or increased compared to the starting gene or gene fragment, i.e., for example, those pro-HG or pro-vitamin E genes which encode a polypeptide variant with a lower or higher enzymatic activity than that of the original gene.

[0093] Further suitable functionally equivalent nucleic acid sequences which may be mentioned are sequences which encode fusion proteins, part of the fusion protein being, for example, a pro-HG or pro-vitamin E polypeptide or a functionally equivalent portion thereof. The second portion of the fusion protein can be, for example, a further polypeptide with enzymatic activity (for example a further pro-HG or pro-vitamin E polypeptide or a functionally equivalent portion thereof) or an antigenic polypeptide sequence with the aid of which pro-HG or pro-vitamin E expression can be detected (for example Myc tag or His tag). However, they are preferably a regulatory protein sequence such as, for example, a signal or transit peptide which leads the pro-HG or pro-vitamin E protein to the desired site of action.

[0094] The invention furthermore relates to recombinant vectors comprising at least one nucleic acid construct in accordance with the above definition, a nucleic acid sequence encoding an HGD, MAAI or FAAH, or combinations of these options.

[0095] The nucleic acid sequences or nucleic acid constructs present in the vectors are preferably linked functionally to genetic control sequences.

[0096] Examples of vectors according to the invention may encompass expression constructs of the following type:

[0097] a) 5′-plant-specific promoter/anti-HGD/terminator-3′

[0098] b) 5′-plant-specific promoter/anti-MAAI/FAAH/terminator-3′

[0099] c) 5′-plant-specific promoter/pro-HG/terminator-3′

[0100] d) 5′-plant-specific promoter/pro-vitamin E/terminator-3′

[0101] The invention also expressly relates to vectors which are capable of expressing polypeptides with an HGD, MAAI or FAAH activity. The sequences encoding these genes are preferably derived from plants, cyanobacteria, mosses, fungi or algae. The sequences encoding polypeptides of SEQ ID NO: 3, 5 and 18 are especially preferred.

[0102] In this context, the coding pro-HG or pro-vitamin E sequence, and the sequences for the expression of polypeptides with HGD, MAAI or FAAH activity, may also be replaced by a coding sequence for a fusion protein of transit peptide and the sequence in question.

[0103] Preferred examples encompass vectors and may comprise one of the following expression constructs:

[0104] a) 5′-35S promoter/anti-MAAI/FAAH/OCS terminator-3′

[0105] b) 5′-35S promoter/anti-HGD/OCS terminator-3′;

[0106] c) 5′-legumin B promoter/pro-HG/NOS terminator-3′

[0107] d) 5′-legumin B promoter/pro-vitamin E/NOS-terminater-3 ′

[0108] e) 5′-legumin B promoter/HGD/NOS terminator-3′

[0109] f) 5′-legumin B promoter/MAAI/NOS terminator-3′

[0110] g) 5′-legumin B promoter/FAAH/NOS terminator-3′

[0111] In this context, too, the coding pro-HG sequence or pro-vitamin E sequence may also be replaced by a coding sequence for a fusion protein of transit peptide and pro-HG or pro-vitamin E.

[0112] A cotransformation with more than one of the abovementioned examples a.) to g.) may be required for the advantageous processes according to the invention for optimizing vitamin E biosynthesis. Furthermore, transformation with one or more vectors, each of which comprises a combination of the abovementioned constructs, may be advantageous. Preferred examples encompass vectors comprising the following constructs:

[0113] a) 5′-35S promoter/anti-MAAI/FAAH/OCS terminator/legumin B promoter/pro-HG/NOS terminator-3′;

[0114] b) 5′-35S promoter/anti-MAAI/FAAH/OCS terminator/legumin B promoter/pro-vitamin E/NOS terminator-3′;

[0115] c) 5′-35S promoter/anti-HGD/OCS terminator/legumin B promoter/pro-vitamin E/NOS terminator-3′;

[0116] d) 5′-35S promoter/pro-HG/OCS terminator/legumin B promoter/pro-vitamin E/NOS terminator-3′;

[0117] Constructs a) to d) permit the simultaneous transformation of the plant with pro-HG and/or pro-vitamin E and anti-HGD and/or anti-MAAI/FAAH .

[0118] Using the above-cited recombination and cloning techniques, the nucleic acid constructs can be cloned into suitable vectors which make possible the amplification, for example in E. coli. Suitable cloning vectors are, inter alia, pBR332, pUC series, M13mp series and pACYC184. Especially suitable are binary vectors which are capable of replicating both in E. coli and in agrobacteria.

[0119] The nucleic acid constructs according to the invention are preferably inserted into suitable transformation vectors. Suitable vectors are described, inter alia, in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (CRC Press), Chapter 6/7, pp. 71-119 (1993). They are preferably cloned into a vector such as, for example, pBin19, pBinAR, pPZP200 or pPTV, which is suitable for transforming Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The agrobacteria transformed with such a vector can then be used in the known manner for transforming plants, in particular crop plants such as, for example, oilseed rape, for example by bathing scarified leaves or leaf sections in an agrobacterial solution and subsequently culturing them in suitable media. The transformation of plants by agrobacteria is known, inter alia, from F. F. White, Vectors for Gene Transfer in Higher Plants; in Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, edited by S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Academic Press, 1993, pp. 15-38. Transgenic plants which comprise the above-described nucleic acid constructs integrated can be regenerated from the transformed cells of the scarified leaves or leaf sections in the known manner.

[0120] The nucleic acid sequences present in the nucleic acid constructs and vectors according to the invention can be linked functionally to at least one genetic control sequence. Genetic control sequences ensure for example transcription and translation in prorokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms. The constructs according to the invention preferably comprise, 5′-upstream of the coding sequence in question, a promoter and 3′-downstream a terminator sequence and, if appropriate, other customary regulatory elements, in each case functionally linked to the coding sequence. Functional linkage is to be understood as meaning, for example, the sequential arrangement of promoter, coding sequence, terminator and, if appropriate, further regulatory elements in such a way that each of the regulatory elements can fulfill its intended function upon expression of the coding sequence or the antisense sequence. This does not necessarily require direct linkage in the chemical sense. Genetic control sequences such as, for example, enhancer sequences, can also exert their function from other DNA molecules toward the target sequence.

[0121] Examples are sequences to which inductors or repressors bind, thus regulating the expression of the nucleic acid. In addition to these novel control sequences, or instead of these sequences, the natural regulation of these sequences before the actual structural genes may still be present and, if appropriate, may have been modified genetically so that the natural regulation has been switched off and expression of the genes has been increased. However, the nucleic acid construct may also have a simpler structure, that is to say no additional regulatory signals are inserted before the abovementioned genes, and the natural promoter with its regulation is not removed. Instead, the natural control sequence is mutated in such a way that regulation no longer takes place and gene expression is enhanced. These modified promoters may also be placed before the natural genes by themselves in order to increase the activity.

[0122] Moreover, the nucleic acid construct may advantageously comprise one or more enhancer sequences linked functionally to the promoter, and these make possible an increased expression of the nucleic acid sequence. At the 3′end of the DNA sequences, too, additional advantageous sequences may be inserted, such as further regulatory elements or terminators. The genes mentioned hereinabove may be present in the gene construct in the form of one or more copies.

[0123] Additional sequences which are preferred for functional linkage, but not limited thereto, are further targeting sequences which differ from the transit-peptide-encoding sequences and which ensure subcellular localization in the apoplasts, in the vacuole, in plastids, in the mitochondrion, in the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER), in the nucleus, in eleoplasts or other compartments; and translation enhancers such as the tobacco mosaic virus 5′leader sequence (Gallie et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 15 (1987), 8693-8711), and the like.

[0124] Control sequences are furthermore to be understood as those sequences which make possible homologous or heterologous recombination and/or insertion into the genome of a host organism, or which permit the removal from the genome. In the case of homologous recombination, the endogenous gene may be inactivated fully, for example. Furthermore, it may be exchanged for a synthetic gene with increased and modified activity. Methods such as the cre/lox technology permit tissue-specific, in some cases inducible, removal of the target gene from the genome of the host organism (Sauer B. Methods. 1998; 14(4):381-92). This involves adding certain flanking sequences (lox sequences) to the target gene, which later make possible removal by means of cre recombinase.

[0125] Various control sequences are suitable, depending on the host organism or starting organism described in greater detail hereinbelow which is transformed into a genetically modified or transgenic organism by introducing the nucleic acid constructs.

[0126] Advantageous control sequences for the nucleic acid constructs according to the invention, for the vectors according to the invention, for the process according to the invention for the preparation of vitamin E and for the genetically modified organisms described hereinbelow are present, for example, in promoters such as cos, tac, trp, tet, lpp, lac, lpp-lac, laciq, T7, T5, T3, gal, trc, ara, SP6, 1-PR or in the 1-PL promoter, all of which are advantageously used Gram-negative bacteria.

[0127] Further advantageous control sequences are present, for example, in the Gram-positive promoters amy and SPO2, in the yeast or fungal promoters ADC1, MFa, AC, P-60, CYC1, GAPDH, TEF, rp28, ADH or in the plant promoters CaMV/35S [Franck et al., Cell 21(1980) 285-294], PRP1 [Ward et al., Plant. Mol. Biol. 22 (1993)], SSU, OCS, LEB4, USP, STLS1, B33, NOS; FBPaseP (WO 98/18940) or in the ubiquitin or phaseolin promoter.

[0128] A preferred promoter for the nucleic acid constructs is, in principle, any promoter which is capable of governing the expression of genes, in particular foreign genes, in plants. A promoter which is preferably used is, in particular, a plant promoter or a promoter derived from a plant virus. Especially preferred is the cauliflower mosaic virus CaMV 35S promoter (Franck et al., Cell 21 (1980), 285-294). As is known, this promoter comprises various recognition sequences for transcriptional effectors which, in their totality, lead to permanent and constitutive expression of the gene which has been inserted (Benfey et al., EMBO J. 8 (1989), 2195-2202). A further example of a suitable promoter is the legumin B promoter (accession No. X03677).

[0129] The nucleic acid constructs may also comprise a chemically inducible promoter by means of which expression of the exogenous gene in the plant can be governed at a particular point in time. Such promoters, such as, for example, the PRP1 promoter (Ward et al., Plant. Mol. Biol. 22 (1993), 361-366), a salicylic-acid-inducible promoter (WO 95/19443), a benzenesulfonamide-inducible promoter (EP-A-0388186), a tetracyclin-inducible promoter (Gatz et al., (1992) Plant J. 2, 397404), an abscisic-acid-inducible promoter (EP-A 335528) or an ethanol- or cyclohexanone-inducible promoter (WO 93/21334) may also be used.

[0130] Furthermore, particularly preferred promoters are those which ensure expression in tissues or plant parts in which the biosynthesis of vitamin E or its precursors takes place or in which the products are advantageously accumulated. Promoters which must be mentioned in particular are those for the entire plant owing to constitutive expression, such as, for example, the CaMV promoter, the Agrobacterium OCS promoter (octopine synthase), the Agrobacterium NOS promoter (nopaline synthase), the ubiquitin promoter, promoters of vacuolar ATPase subunits, or the promoter of a prolin-rich protein from wheat (WO 91/13991). Promoters which must be mentioned in particular are those which ensure leaf-specific expression. Promoters which must be mentioned are the potato cytosolic FBPase promoter (WO 97/05900), the Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase) SSU (small subunit) promoter, or the potato ST-LSI promoter (Stockhaus et al., EMBO J. 8 (1989), 244-245). Examples of seed-specific promoters are the phaseolin promoter (U.S. Pat. No. 5,504,200), the USP promoter (Baumlein, H. et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. (1991) 225 (3), 459-467) or the LEB4 promoter (Fiedler, U. et al., Biotechnology (NY) (1995), 13 (10) 1090) together with the LEB4 signal peptide.

[0131] Examples of other suitable promoters are specific promoters for tubers, storage roots or roots, such as, for example, the patatin promoter class I (B33), the potato cathepsin D inhibitor promoter, the starch synthase (GBSS1) promoter or the sporamin promoter, fruit-specific promoters such as, for example, the tomato fruit-specific promoter (EP-A 409625), fruit-maturation-specific promoters such as, for example, the tomato fruit-maturation-specific promoter (WO 94/21794), flower-specific promoters such as, for example, the phytoene synthase promoter (WO 92/16635) or the promoter of the P-rr gene (WO 98/22593) or specific plastid or chromoplast promoters such as, for example, the RNA polymerase promoter (WO 97/06250) or else the Glycine max phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate amidotransferase promoter (see also Genbank Accession Number U87999) or another node-specific promoter such as in EP-A 249676.

[0132] In principle, all natural promoters together with their regulatory sequences such as those mentioned above can be used for the process according to the invention. In addition, synthetic promoters can also be used advantageously.

[0133] Polyadenylation signals which are suitable as control sequences are plant polyadenylation signals, preferably those which essentially correspond to Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA polyadenylation signals, in particular to gene 3 of the T-DNA (octopine synthase) of the Ti plasmid pTiACHS (Gielen et al., EMBO J. 3 (1984), 835 et seq.) or functional equivalents thereof. Examples of particularly suitable terminator sequences are the OCS (octopine synthase) terminator and the NOS (nopaline synthase) terminator.

[0134] A nucleic acid construct is generated, for example, by fusing a suitable promoter to a suitable anti-HGD, anti-MAAI/FAAH, pro-HG, pro-vitamin E, HGD, MAAI or FAAH nucleotide sequence, if appropriate a sequence encoding a transit peptide, preferably a chloroplast-specific transit peptide, which sequence is preferably arranged between the promoter and the nucleotide sequence in question, and a terminator or polyadenylation signal. To do this, customary recombination and cloning techniques are used as they are described, for example, in T. Maniatis, E. F. Fritsch and J. Sambrook, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1989) and in T. J. Silhavy, M. L. Berman and L. W. Enquist, Experiments with Gene Fusions, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1984) and in Ausubel, F. M. et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Greene Publishing Assoc. and Wiley Interscience (1987).

[0135] As already mentioned, it is also possible to use nucleic acid constructs whose DNA sequence encodes a pro-HG, pro-vitamin E, HGD, MAAI or FAAH fusion protein, a portion of the fusion protein being a transit peptide which governs the translocation of the polypeptide. The following may be mentioned by way of example: chloroplast-specific transit peptides which are eliminated enzymatically after translocation into the chloroplasts.

[0136] The pro-HG, pro-vitamin E, HGD, MAAI or FAAH nucleotide sequences are preferably linked functionally to the coding sequence of a plant organell-specific transit peptide. The transit peptide preferably has specificity for individual cell compartments of the plant, for example the plastids, such as, for example, the chloroplasts, chromoplasts and/or leukoplasts. The transit peptide guides the polypeptides which have been expressed to the desired target in the plant and, once the target is reached, is eliminated, preferably proteolytically. In the expression construct according to the invention, the coding transit peptide sequence is preferably located 5′-upstream of the coding pro-HG, pro-vitamin E, HGD, MAAI or FAAH sequence. A transit peptide which must be mentioned in particular is the transit peptide which is derived from the plastid Nicotiana tabacum transketolase (TK) or a functional equivalent of this transit peptide (for example the transit peptide of the RubisCO small subunit, or of ferredoxin:NADP oxidoreductase or else isopentenyl pyrophosphate isomerase-2).

[0137] The invention furthermore relates to transgenic organisms transformed with at least one nucleic acid construct according to the invention or a vector according to the invention, and to cells, cell cultures, tissues, parts—such as, for example, leaves, roots and the like in the case of plant organisms—or propagation material derived from such organisms.

[0138] Organisms, starting organisms or host organisms are to be understood as meaning prokaryotic or eukaryotic organisms such as, for example, microorganisms or plant organisms. Preferred microorganisms are bacteria, yeasts, algae or fungi.

[0139] Preferred bacteria are bacteria of the genus Escherichia, Erwinia, Agrobacterium, Flavobacterium, Alcaligenes or cyanobacteria, for example, of the genus Synechocystis.

[0140] Preferred microorganisms are, above all, those which are capable of infecting plants and thus of transferring the constructs according to the invention. Preferred microorganisms are those from among the genus Agrobacterium and, in particular, the species Agrobacterium tumefaciens.

[0141] Preferred yeasts are Candida, Saccharomyces, Hansenula or Pichia. plant organisms are, for the purposes of the invention, monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. The trasngenic plants according to the invention are selected in particular from among monocotyledonous crop plants such as, for example, cereals such as wheat, barley, sorghum and millet, rye, triticale, maize, rice or oats, and sugar cane. The transgenic plants according to the invention are furthermore selected in particular from among dicotyledonous crop plants such as, for example,

[0142] Brassicaceae such as oilseed rape, cress, Arabidopsis, cabbages or canola,

[0143] Leguminosae such as soybean, alfalfa, pea, bean plants or peanut Solanaceae such as potato, tobacco, tomato, aubergine or bell pepper,

[0144] Asteraceae such as sunflower, Tagetes, lettuce or calendula,

[0145] Cucurbitaceae such as melon, pumpkin or zucchini, and also linseed, cotton, hemp, flax, red pepper, carrot, sugar beet and the various tree, nut and grapevine species.

[0146] Especially preferred are Arabodopsis thaliana, Nicotiana tabacum, Tagetes erecta, Calendula vulgaris and all genera and species which are suitable for the production of oils, such as oil crops (such as, for example, oilseed rape), nut species, soybean, sunflower, pumpkin and peanut.

[0147] Plant organisms for the purposes of the invention are, furthermore, further photosynthetically active organisms, or organisms which are capable of synthesizing vitamin E, such as, for example, algae or cyanobacteria, and also mosses.

[0148] Preferred algae are green algase, such as, for example, algae of the genus Haematococcus, Phaedactylum tricornatum, Volvox or Dunaliella.

[0149] The transfer of foreign genes into the genome of an organism, for example a plant, is termed transformation. It exploits the above-described methods of transforming and regenerating plants from plant tissues or plant cells for transient or stable transformation. Suitable methods are protoplast transformation by polyethylene glycol-induced DNA uptake, the biolistic method using the gene gun, the particle bombardment method, electroporation, incubation of dry embryos in DNA-containing solution, microinjection and agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer. The abovementioned methods are described, for example, in B. Jenes et al., Techniques for Gene Transfer, in: Transgenic Plants, Vol. 1, Engineering and Utilization, edited by S. D. Kung and R. Wu, Academic Press (1993), 128-143 and in Potrykus, Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Molec. Biol. 42 (1991), 205-225). The construct to be expressed is preferably cloned into a vector which is suitable for transforming Agrobacterium tumefaciens for example pBin19 (Bevan et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 12 (1984) , 8711).

[0150] The expression efficacy of the recombinantly expressed nucleic acids can be determined, for example, in vitro by shoot-meristem propagation. In addition, changes in the nature and level of the expression of the pro-HG or pro-vitamin E genes and their effect on vitamin E biosynthesis performance, can be tested on test plants in greenhouse experiments.

[0151] The invention furthermore relates to transgenic organisms as described above whose vitamin E production is improved in comparison with the untransformed wild type.

[0152] In accordance with the invention are furthermore cells, cell cultures, parts—such as, for example, roots, leaves etc. in the case of transgenic plant organisms—, transgenic propagation material, seeds or fruit derived from the above-described transgenic organisms.

[0153] Improved vitamin E production means for the purposes of the present invention for example the artificially acquired ability of an increased biosynthesis performance of at least one compound from the group of the tocopherols and tocotrienols in the transgenic organism in comparison with the non-genetically modified starting organism for the duration of at least one plant generation. Preferably, the vitamin E production in the transgenic organism in comparison with the non-genetically modified starting organism, is increased by 10%, especially preferably by 50%, very especially preferably by 100%. The term improved may also mean an advantageously modified qualitative composition of the vitamin E mixture.

[0154] The biosynthesis site of vitamin E is, generally, the leaf tissue, but also the seed, so that leaf-specific or seed-specific expression of, in particular, pro-HG and pro-vitamin E sequences and, if appropriate, anti-HGD and/or anti-MAAI/FAAH sequences is meaningful. However, it is obvious that vitamin E biosynthesis need not be restricted to the seed, but can also take place in a tissue-specific manner in all remaining parts of the plant. In addition, constitutive expression of the exogenous gene is advantageous. On the other hand, inducible expression may also be desirable.

[0155] Finally, the invention furthermore relates to a process for the production of vitamin E, which comprises isolating the desired vitamin E in a manner known per se from a culture of a plant organism which has been transformed in accordance with the invention.

[0156] Genetically modified plants according to the invention with an increased vitamin E content which can be consumed by humans and animals can also be used as foodstuffs or feed, for example directly or following processing, which is known per se.

[0157] The invention furthermore relates to the use of polypeptides which encode an HGD, MAAI or FAAH, of the genes and cDNAs on which they are based, and/or of the nucleic acid constructs according to the invention, vectors according to the invention or organisms according to the invention which are derived from them for producing antibodies, protein-binding or DNA-binding factors.

[0158] The biosynthetic pathway of the HGD-MAAI-FAAH catabolic pathway offers target enzymes for the development of inhibitors. Therefore, the invention also relates to the use of polypeptides which encode an HGD, MAAI or FAAH, of the genes and cDNAs on which they are based, and/or of the nucleic acid constructs according to the invention, vectors according to the invention or organisms according to the invention which are derived from them as target for finding inhibitors of HGD, MAAI or FAAH.

[0159] To be able to find efficient HGD, MAAI or FAAH inhibitors, it is necessary to provide suitable assay systems with which inhibitor-enzyme binding studies can be carried out. To this end, for example, the complete cDNA sequence of HGD, MAAI or FAAH is cloned into an expression vector (for example pQE, Qiagen) and overexpressed in E. coli. The HGD, MAAI or FAAH proteins are particularly suitable for finding HGD-, MAAI- or FAAH-specific inhibitors.

[0160] Accordingly, the invention relates to a process for finding inhibitors of HGD, MAAI or FAAH using the abovementioned polypeptides, nucleic acids, vectors or transgenic organisms, which comprises measuring the enzymatic activity of HGD, MAAI or FAAH in the presence of a chemical compound and, if the enzymatic activity is reduced in comparison with the unhibited activity, the chemical compound constitutes an inhibitor. To this end, HGD, MAAI or FAAH can be employed, for example, in an enzyme assay in which the activity of HGD, MAAI or FAAH is determined in the presence and absence of the active ingredient to be assayed. Qualitative and quantitative findings on the inhibitory behavior of the active ingredient to be assayed can be deduced by comparing the two activity determinations. A multiplicity of chemical compounds can be tested in a simple and rapid fashion for herbicidal properties with the aid of the assay system according to the invention. The method allows reproducibly to select, from a large number of substances, specifically those which are very potent in order to subject these substances subsequently to further, in-depth tests with which the skilled worker is familiar.

[0161] The inhibitors of HGD, MAAI or FAAH are suitable for functionally increasing vitamin E biosynthesis similarly to the above-described anti-HGD and/or anti-MAAI/FAAH nucleic acid sequences. The invention therefore furthermore relates to processes for improving the vitamin E production using inhibitors of HGD, MAAI or FAAH. The improved production of vitamin E can have a positive effect on the plant since these compounds have an important function in the protection from harmful environmental factors (sun rays, free-radical oxygen). An increased vitamin E production can thus act as growth promoter. The invention therefore furthermore relates to the use of inhibitors of HGD, MAAI or FAAH, obtainable by the above-described process, as growth regulators. Sequences SEQ ID NO. 1: Arabidopsis thaliana homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) gene SEQ ID NO. 2: Arabidopsis thaliana homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) cDNA SEQ ID NO. 3: Arabidopsis thaliana homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) polypeptide SEQ ID NO. 4: Arabidopsis thaliana furnaryl acetoacetate hydrolase (FAAH) cDNA SEQ ID NO. 5: Arabidopsis thaliana fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase (FAAH) polypeptide SEQ ID NO. 6: Arabidopsis thaliana maleyl-acetoacetate isomerase (MAAI) gene SEQ ID NO. 7: TyrA gene encoding a bifunctional chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase SEQ ID NO. 8: TyrA polypeptide encoding a bifunctional chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase SEQ ID NO. 9: Arabidopsis thaliana furnaryl acetoacetate hydrolase (FAAH) gene SEQ ID NO. 10: Arabidopsis thaliana hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) cDNA SEQ ID NO. 11: Arabidopsis thaliana hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) polypeptide SEQ ID NO. 12: Brassica napus homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) cDNA fragment SEQ ID NO. 13: Synechocystis PCC6803 homogentisate phythyltransferase cDNA SEQ ID NO. 14: Synechocystis PCCG8O3 homogentisate phythyltransferase polypeptide SEQ ID NO. 15: artificial codon usage optimized cDNA encoding Streptornyces avermitilis hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPDop) SEQ ID NO. 16: Streptomyces avermitilis hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase polypeptide SEQ ID NO. 17: Arabidopsis thaliana maleyl-acetoacetate isomerase (MAAI) cDNA SEQ ID NO. 18: Arabidopsis thaliana maleyl-acetoacetate isomerase (MAAI) polypeptide SEQ ID NO. 19: Arabidopsis thaliana γ-tocopherol methyltransferase cDNA SEQ ID NO. 20: Arabidopsis thaliana γ-tocopherol methyltransferase polypeptide SEQ ID NO. 21: Synechocystis PCC6803 3-methyl-6-phytylhydroquinone methyltransferase cDNA SEQ ID NO. 22: Synechocystis PCC6803 3-methyl-6-phytylhydroquinone methyltransferase polypeptide SEQ ID NO. 23: Nicotiana tabacurn geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate oxidoreductase cDNA SEQ ID NO. 24: Nicotiana tabacurn geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate oxidoreductase polypeptide SEQ ID NO. 25: Primer (5′-HGD Brassica napus) 5′-GTCGACGGNCCNATNGGNGCNAANGG-3′ SEQ ID NO. 26: Primer (3′-NOS terminator) 5′-AAGCTTCCGATCTAGTAACATAGA-3′ SEQ ID NO. 27: Primer (5′-35S promoter) 5′-ATTCTAGACATGGAGTCAAAGATTCAAATAGA-3′ SEQ ID NO. 28: Primer (3′-OCS terminator) 5′-ATTCTAGAGGACAATCAGTAAATTGAACGGAG-3′ SEQ ID NO. 29: Primer (5′-MAAI A. thaliana) 5′-atgtcgacATGTCTTATGTTACCGAT-3′ SEQ ID NO. 30: Primer (3′-MAAI A. thaliana) 5′-atggatccCTGGTTCATATGATACA-3′ SEQ ID NO. 31: Primer (5′-FAAH A. thaliana) 5′-atgtcgacGGAAACTCTGAACCATAT-3′ SEQ ID NO. 32: Primer (3′-FAAH A. thaliana) 5′-atggtaccGAATGTGATGCCTAAGT-3′ SEQ ID NO. 33: Primer (3′-HGD Brassica napus) 5′-GGTACCTCRAACATRAANGCCATNGTNCC-3′ SEQ ID NO. 34: Primer (5′-legumin promoter) 5′-GAATTCGATCTGTCGTCTCAAACTC-3′ SEQ ID NO. 35: Primer (3′-legumin promoter) 5′-GGTACCGTGATAGTAAACAACTAATG-3′ SEQ ID NO. 36: Primer (5′-transit peptide) 5′-ATGGTACCTTTTTTGCATAAACTTATCTTCATAG-3′ SEQ ID NO. 37: Primer (3′-transit peptide) 5′-ATGTCGACCCGGGATCCAGGGCCCTGATGGGTCCCATTTTCCC-3′ SEQ ID NO. 38: Primer (5′-NOS terminator) 5′-GTCGACGAATTTCCCCGAATCGTTC-3′ SEQ ID NO. 39: Primer (3′-NOS terminator II) 5′-AAGCTTCCGATCTAGTAACATAGA-3′ SEQ ID NO. 40: Primer (5′-legumin promoter II) 5′-AAGCTTGATCTGTCGTCTCAAACTC-3′ SEQ ID NO. 41: Arabidopsis thaliana maleyl-acetoacetate isomerase (MAAI) gene (fragment) SEQ ID NO. 42: Arabidopsis thaliana fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase (FAAH) gene (fragment) SEQ ID NO. 43: Primer (5′-35S promoter) 5′-ATGAATTCCATGGAGTCAAAGATTCAAATAGA-3′ SEQ ID NO. 44: Primer (3′-OCS terminator) 5′-ATGAATTCGGACAATCAGTAAATTGAACGGAG-3′

EXAMPLES

[0162] The invention is illustrated in greater detail in the use examples which follow with reference to the appended figures. Abbreviations with the following meanings are used: A = 35S promoter B = HGD in antisense orientation C = OCS terminator D = legumin B promoter E = FNR transit peptide F = HPPDop (HPPD with optimized codon usage) G = NOS terminator H = MAAI in antisense orientation I = FAAH in antisense orientation

[0163] The direction of arrows in the figures indicates in each case the direction in which the genes in question are read. In the figures:

[0164]FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the vitamin E biosynthetic pathway in plants;

[0165]FIG. 2 shows construction schemes of the anti-HGD-coding plasmids pBinARHGDanti (I) and pCRScriptHGDanti (II);

[0166]FIG. 3 shows construction schemes of the HPPDop-coding plasmids pUC19HPPDop (III) and pCRScriptHPPDop (IV);

[0167]FIG. 4 shows construction schemes of the transformation vectors pPTVHGDanti (V) and of the bifunctional transformation vector pPTV HPPDop HGD anti (VI), which expresses HPPDop in the seeds of transformed plants while simultaneously suppressing the expression of the endogenous HGD;

[0168]FIG. 5 shows a construction scheme of the transformation vector pPZP200HPPDop (VII).

[0169]FIG. 6 shows construction schemes of the transformation vectors PGEMT MAAI1 anti (VIII) and pBinAR MAAI1 anti (IX);

[0170]FIG. 7 shows construction schemes of the transformation vectors pCR-Script MAAI1 anti (X) and pZPNBN MAAI1 anti (XI);

[0171]FIG. 8 shows the construction scheme of the transformation vector pGEMT FAAH anti (XII);

[0172]FIG. 9 shows construction schemes of the transformation vectors pBinAR FAAH anti (XIII) and pZPNBN FAAH anti (XIV).

GENERAL METHODS

[0173] The chemical synthesis of oligonucleotides can be carried out for example in the known manner by the phosphoamidite method (Voet, Voet, 2nd Edition, Wiley Press New York, pp. 896-897). The cloning steps carried out within the present invention such as, for example, restriction cleavages, agarose gel electrophoresis, purification of the DNA fragments, transfer of nucleic acids to nitrocellulose and nylon membranes, linking DNA fragments, transformation of E. coli cells, bacterial cultures, phage replication and sequence analysis of recombinant DNA, were carried out as described by Sambrook et al. (1989) Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISBN 0-87969-309-6. Recombinant DNA molecules were sequenced using a Licor laser fluorescence DNA sequencer (supplied by MWG Biotech, Ebersbach) using the method of Sanger (Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74 (1977), 5463-5467).

EXAMPLE 1 Cloning a Hydroxyphenyl-Pyruvate Dioxygenase (HPPD) with a DNA Sequence Optimized for Expression in Brassica napus

[0174] The amino acid sequence of the Streptomyces avermitilis hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) (Accession No. U11864, SEQ ID NO: 16) was backtranslated to a DNA sequence taking into consideration the codon usage in Brassica napus (oilseed rape). The codon usage was determined by means of the database http://www.dna.affrc.go.jp/˜nakamura/index.html. The derived sequence was synthesized by ligating overlapping oligonucleotides followed by PCR amplification, attaching SalI cleavage sites (Rouwendal, G J A; et al, (1997) PMB 33: 989-999) (SEQ ID NO: 15). The correctness of the sequence of the synthetic gene was verified by sequencing. The synthetic gene was cloned to the vector pBluescript II SK+ (Stratagene). (This codon-optimized sequence is subsequently also termed HPPDop.)

EXAMPLE 2 Cloning a Brassica napus Homogentisate Dioxygenase (HGD)

[0175] a) Isolating Total RNA from Brassica napus Flowers

[0176] Open flowers were harvested from Brassica napus var. Westar and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The material was subsequently reduced to a powder in a mortar and taken up in Z6 buffer (8 M guanidinium hydrochloride, 20 mM MES, 20 mM EDTA, brought to pH 7.0 with NaOH; immediately prior to use, 400 ml of mercaptoethanol/100 ml of buffer were added). The suspension was then transferred into reaction vessels and extracted by shaking with one volume of phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol 25:24:1. After centrifugation for 10 minutes at 15,000 rpm, the supernatant was transferred into a new reaction vessel and the RNA was precipitated with {fraction (1/20)} volume of 1N acetic acid and 0.7 volume of (absolute) ethanol. After a further centrifugation step, the pellet was first washed in 3M sodium acetate solution and, after another centrifugation step, in 70% strength ethanol. The pellet was subsequently dissolved in DEPC (diethylpyrocarbonate) water and the RNA concentration determined photometrically.

[0177] b) Preparation of cDNA from Total RNA from Brassica napus Flowers

[0178] 20 mg of total RNA were first treated with 3.3 ml of 3M sodium acetate solution and 2 ml of 1M magnesium sulfate solution and the mixture was made up to an end volume of 10 ml with DEPC water. 1 ml of RNase-free DNase (Boehringer Mannheim) was added, and the mixture was incubated for 45 minutes at 37 degrees. After the enzyme had been removed by extracting by shaking with phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol, the RNA was precipitated with ethanol and the pellet was taken up in 100 ml of DEPC water. 2.5 mg of RNA from this solution were transcribed into cDNA by means of a cDNA kit (Gibco BRL) following the manufacturer's instructions.

[0179] c) PCR Amplification of a Part-Fragment of the Brassica napus HGD

[0180] Oligonucleotides which had been provided with an SalI restriction cleavage site at the 5′ end and with an Asp718 restriction cleavage site at the 3′ end were derived for a PCR by aligning the DNA sequences of the known homogentisate dioxygenases (HGDs) from Arabidopsis thaliana (Accession No. U80668), Homo sapiens (Accession No. U63008) and Mus musculus (Accession No. U58988). The oligonucleotide at the 5′ end comprises the sequence:

[0181] 5′-GTCGACGGNCCNATNGGNGCNAANGG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 25),

[0182] starting with base 661 of the Arabidopsis gene. The oligonucleotide at the 3′ end comprises the sequence:

[0183] 5′-GGTACCTCRAACATRAANGCCATNGTNCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 33),

[0184] starting with base 1223 of the Arabidopsis gene, N in each case denoting inosine and R denoting the incorporation of A or G into the oligonucleotide.

[0185] The PCR reaction was carried out with TAKARA Taq polymerase following the manufacturer's instructions. 0.3 mg of the cDNA was employed as template. The PCR program was:

[0186] 1 cycle at: 94° C. (1 min)

[0187] 5 cycles at: 94° C. (4 sec), 50° C. (30 sec), 72° C. (1 min)

[0188] 5 cycles at: 94° C. (4 sec), 48° C. (30 sec), 72° C (1 min)

[0189] 25 cycles at: 94° C. (4 sec), 46 degrees (30 sec), 72 degrees (1 min)

[0190] 1 cycle at: 72 degrees (30 min)

[0191] The fragment was purified by NucleoSpin Extract (Macherey und Nagel) and cloned into vector PGEMT (Promega) following the manufacturer's instructions. The correctness of the fragment was verified by sequencing.

EXAMPLE 3 Generation of a Plant Transformation Construct for Overexpressing the HPPD with Optimized DNA Sequence (HPPDop) and Eliminating HGD

[0192] To generate plants which express HPPDop in seeds and in which the expression of the endogenous HGD is suppressed by antisense technology, a binary vector which contains both gene sequences was constructed (FIG. 4, construct VI).

[0193] a) Generation of an HPPDop Nucleic Acid Construct

[0194] To this end, the components of the cassette for expressing HPPDop, composed of the legumin B promoter (Accession No. X03677), the spinach ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase transit peptide (FNR; Jansen, T, et al (1988) Current Genetics 13, 517-522) and the NOS terminator (present in pBI101 Accession No. U12668) were first provided with the necessary restriction cleavage sites using PCR.

[0195] The legumin promoter was amplified from plasmid plePOCS (Bäumlein, H, et al. (1986) Plant J. 24, 233-239) with the upstream oligonucleotide:

[0196] 5′-GAATTCGATCTGTCGTCTCAAACTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 34)

[0197] and the downstream oligonucleotide:

[0198] 5′-GGTACCGTGATAGTAAACAACTAATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 35)

[0199] by means of PCR and cloned into vector PCR-Script (Stratagene) following the manufacturer's instructions.

[0200] The transit peptide was amplified with plasmid pSK-FNR (Andrea Babette Regierer “Molekulargenetische Ansätze zur Veränderung der Phosphat-Nutzungseffizienz von höheren Pflanzen” [Molecular genetic approaches for modifying the phosphate utilization efficiency of higher plants], P+H Wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Berlin 1998 ISBN: 3-9805474-9-3) by means of PCR using the 5′ oligonucleotide:

[0201] 5′-ATGGTACCTTTTTTGCATAAACTTATCTTCATAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 36)

[0202] and the 3′ oligonucleotide:

[0203] 5′-ATGTCGACCCGGGATCCAGGGCCCTGATGGGTCCCATTTTCCC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 37)

[0204] The NOS terminator was amplified from plasmid pBI101 (Jefferson, R. A., et al (1987) EMBO J. 6 (13), 3901-3907) by means of PCR using the 5′ oligonucleotide:

[0205] 5′-GTCGACGAATTTCCCCGAATCGTTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 38)

[0206] and the 3′ oligonucleotide

[0207] 5′-AAGCTTCCGATCTAGTAACATAGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 26)

[0208] The amplicon was cloned in each case into vector pCR-Script (Stratagene) following the manufacturer's instructions.

[0209] For the nucleic acid constructs, the NOS terminator was first recloned as SalI/HindIII fragment into a suitably cut pUC19 vector (Yanisch-Perron, C., et al (1985) Gene 33, 103-119). The transit peptide was subsequently introduced into this plasmid as Asp718/SalI fragment. The legumin promoter was then cloned in as EcoRI/Asp718 fragment. The gene HPPDop was introduced into this construct as SalI fragment (FIG. 3, construct III).

[0210] The finished cassette in pUC19 was used as template for a PCR, using the oligonucleotide:

[0211] 5′-AAGCTTGATCTGTCGTCTCAAACTC-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 40)

[0212] for the legumin promoter and the oligonucleotide:

[0213] 5′-AAGCTTCCGATCTAGTAACATAGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 39)

[0214] for the NOS terminator. The amplicon was cloned into pCR-Script and termed pCR-ScriptHPPDop (FIG. 3, construct IV).

[0215] d) Generation of an AntiHGD Nucleic Acid Construct

[0216] To switch off HGD by means of antisense technology, the gene fragment was cloned as SalI/Asp718 fragment into vector pBinAR (Höfgen, R. und Willmitzer, L., (1990) Plant Sci. 66: 221-230), in which the 35S promoter and the OCS terminator are present (FIG. 2, construct I). The construct acted as template for a PCR reaction with the oligonucleotide:

[0217] 5′-ATTCTAGACATGGAGTCAAAGATTCAAATAGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 27),

[0218] which is specific for the 35S promoter sequence; and the oligonucleotide:

[0219] 5′-ATTCTAGAGGACAATCAGTAAATTGAACGGAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 28),

[0220] which is specific for the OCS terminator sequence.

[0221] The amplicon was cloned into vector pCR-Script (Stratagene) and termed pCRScriptHGDanti (FIG. 2, construct II).

[0222] c) Preparation of the Binary Vector

[0223] To construct a binary vector for transforming oilseed rape, the construct HGDanti from pCRScriptHGDanti was first cloned as XbaI fragment into vector pPTV (Becker, D., (1992) PMB 20, 1195-1197) (FIG. 4, construct V). The construct LegHPPDop from pCRScriptHPPDop was inserted into this plasmid as HindIII fragment. This plasmid was termed pPTVHPPDopHGDanti (FIG. 4, construct VI).

EXAMPLE 4 Generation of Constructs for the Cotransformation for Overexpressing HPPDop and Switching off HGD in Brassica napus Plants

[0224] To cotransform plants with HPPDop and antiHGD, the construct legumin B promoter/transit peptide/HPPDop/NOS was excised from vector pCRScriptHPPDop (FIG. 3, construct IV) as HindIII fragment and inserted into the correspondingly cut vector pPZP200 (Hajdukiewicz, P., et al., (1994) PMB 25(6): 989-94) (FIG. 5, construct VII). This plasmid was used later for cotransforming plants together with vector pPTVHGDanti (FIG. 4, construct V) of Example 3 c).

EXAMPLE 5 Cloning a Genomic Fragment of the Arabidopsis thaliana Maleyl-Acetoacetate Isomerase

[0225] a) Isolation of Genomic DNA from A. thaliana leaves:

[0226] The extraction buffer used has the following composition:

[0227] 1 volume of DNA extraction buffer (0.35M sorbitol, 0.1 M Tris, 5 mM EDTA, pH 8.25 HCl)

[0228] 1 volume of nuclei lysis buffer (0.2M Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 50 mM EDTA, 2 M NaCl, 2% hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB))

[0229] 0.4 volume of 5% sodium sarcosyl

[0230] 0.38 g/100 ml sodium bisulfite

[0231] 100 mg of leaf material of A thaliana were harvested and frozen in liquid nitrogen. The material was subsequently reduced to a powder in a mortar and taken up in 750 μl of extraction buffer. The mixture was heated for 20 minutes at 65° C. and subsequently extracted by shaking with one volume of chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). After centrifugation for 10 minutes at 10,000 rpm in a Heraeus pico-fuge, the supernatant was treated with one volume of isopropanol, and the DNA thus precipitated was again pelleted for 5 minutes at 10,000 rpm. The pellet was washed in 70% strength ethanol, dried for 10 minutes at room temperature and subsequently dissolved in 100 μl of TE RNase buffer (10 mM Tris HCl pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA pH 8.0, 100 mg/l RNase).

[0232] b) Cloning the Gene for the Arabidopsis thaliana MAAI

[0233] Using the protein sequence of mouse (Mus musculus) MAAI, the A. thaliana MAAI gene was identified by means of BLAST search in the NCBI database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/BLAST/) (Genbank Acc.-No. AAC78520.1). The sequence is annotated in Genbank as putative glutathione S-transferase. The corresponding DNA sequence was determined by means of the ID numbers of the protein sequence, and oligonucleotides were derived. An SalI restriction cleavage site was added to the 5′ end of each of the oligonucleotides and a BamHI restriction cleavage site to the 3′ end of each of the nucleotides. The oligonucleotide at the 5′ end encompasses the sequence

[0234] 5′-atgtcgacATGTCTTATGTTACCGAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 29)

[0235] starting with base 37 of the cDNA, the first codon, the oligonucleotide at the 3′ end comprises the sequence

[0236] 5′-atggatccCTGGTTCATATGATACA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 30)

[0237] starting with base pair 803 of the cDNA sequence. The PCR reaction was carried out using Taq polymerase (manufacturer: TaKaRa Shuzo Co., Ltd.). The composition of the mix was as follows: 10 μl buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 100 mM KCl, 0,1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.5% Tween20, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 50% glycerol), in each case 100 pmol of the two oligonucleotides, in each case 20 nM of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, 2.5 units Taq polymerase, 1 μg of genomic DNA, distilled water to 100 μl. The PCR program was:

[0238] 5 cycles at: 94° C. (4 sec), 52° C. (30 sec), 72° C. (1 min)

[0239] 5 cycles at: 94° C. (4 sec), 50° C. (30 sec), 72° C. (1 min)

[0240] 25 cycles at: 94° C. (4 sec), 48° C. (30 sec), 72° C. (1 min)

[0241] The amplified fragment (SEQ ID NO: 41) was purified by means of Nucleo-Spin Extract (Macherey-Nagel) and cloned into the Promega vector pGEMTeasy following the manufacturer's instructions (FIG. 6, construct VIII). The correctness of the fragment was verified by sequencing. By means of the restriction cleavage sites which had been added to the sequence by the primers, the gene was cloned into the correspondingly cut vector pBinAR (Höfgen, R. und Willmitzer, L., (1990) Plant Sci. 66: 221-230) as SalI/BamHI fragment (FIG. 6, construct IX). This vector contains the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the OCS termination sequence. The construct acted as template for a PCR reaction with the oligonucleotide

[0242] 5′-ATGAATTCCATGGAGTCAAAGATTCAAATAGA-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 43),

[0243] which is specific for the 35S promoter sequence and the oligonucleotide

[0244] 5′-ATGAATTCGGACAATCAGTAAATTGAACGGAG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 44),

[0245] which is specific for the OCS terminator. An- EcoRI recognition sequence was added to both oligonucleotides. The PCR was carried out using Pfu polymerase (manufacturer: Stratagene). The composition of the mix was as follows: 10 μl of buffer (200 mM Tris HCl pH 8.8, 20 mM MgSO₄, 100 mM KCl, 100 mM ammonium sulfate, 1% Triton X-100, 1 g/l nuclease-free BSA), in each case 100 pmol of the two oligonucleotides, in each case 20 nM of DATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, 2.5 units Pfu polymerase, 1 ng of plasmid DNA, distilled water to 100 μl. The PCR program was:

[0246] 5 cycles at: 94° C. (4 sec), 52° C. (30 sec), 72° C. (2 min)

[0247] 5 cycles at: 94° C. (4 sec), 50° C. (30 sec), 72° C. (2 min)

[0248] 25 cycles at: 94° C. (4 sec), 48° C. (30 sec), 72° C. (2 min)

[0249] The PCR fragment was purified by means of Nucleo-Spin Extract (Macherey-Nagel) and cloned into vector pCR-Script (Stratagene) (FIG. 7, construct X).

EXAMPLE 6 Generation of the Binary Vector

[0250] To construct a binary vector for transforming Arabidopsis and oilseed rape, the construct from vector pCR-Script was cloned into vector pZPNBN as EcoRI fragment. pZPNBN is a pPZP200 derivative (Hajdukiewicz, P., et al., (1994) PMB 25(6): 989-94), into which a phosphinothricin resistance under the control of the NOS promoter had been inserted before the NOS terminator. (FIG. 7, construct XI)

EXAMPLE 7 Cloning a Genomic Fragment of the Arabidopsis thaliana Fumaryl-Acetoacetate Isomerase

[0251] A BLAST search was carried out by means of the protein sequence of the Emericella nidulans FAAH, and a protein sequence was identified from A. thaliana which had 59% homology. A. thaliana FAAH has the Accession number AC002131. The DNA sequence was determined by means of the ID number of the protein sequence, and oligonucleotides were derived.

[0252] An SalI restriction cleavage site was added to the 5′ oligonucleotide and an Asp718 restriction cleavage site was added to the 3′ oligonucleotide. The oligonucleotide at the 5′ end of FAAH comprises the sequence

[0253] 5′-atgtcgacGGAAACTCTGAACCATAT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 31)

[0254] starting with base 40258 of BAC F12F1, the oligonucleotide at the 3′ end comprises the sequence:

[0255] 5′-atggtaccGAATGTGATGCCTAAGT-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 32)

[0256] starting with base pair 39653 of the BAC. The PCR reaction was carried out with Taq polymerase (manufacturer: TaKaRa Shuzo Co., Ltd.). The composition of the mix was as follows: 10 μl buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.0, 100 mM KCl, 0.1 mM EDTA, 1 mM DTT, 0.5% Tween20, 0.5% Nonidet P-40, 50% glycerol), in each case 100 pmol of the two oligonucleotides, in each case 20 nM of dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP, 2.5 units Taq polymerase, 1 μg genomic DNA, distilled water to 100 μl. The PCR program was:

[0257] 5 cycles at: 94° C. (4 sec), 52° C. (30 sec), 72° C. (1 min)

[0258] 5 cycles at: 94° C. (4 sec), 50° C. (30 sec), 72° C. (1 min)

[0259] 25 cycles at: 94° C. (4 sec), 48° C. (30 sec), 72° C. (1 min)

[0260] The fragement (SEQ ID NO: 42) was purified by means of Nucleo-Spin Extract (Macherey-Nagel) and cloned into the Promega vector pGEMTeasy following the manufacturer's instructions (FIG. 8, construct XII).

[0261] The correctness of the fragment was verified by sequencing. By means of the restriction cleavage sites added to the sequence of the primers, the gene was cloned as SalI/Asp718 fragment into the correspondingly cut vector pBinAR (Höfgen, R. und Willmitzer, L., Plant Sci. 66: 221-230, 1990). This vector contains the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter and the OCS termination sequence (FIG. 9, construct XIII).

[0262] To construct a binary vector for transforming Arabidopsis and oilseed rape, the construct from vector pBinAr was cloned into vector pZPNBN as EcoRI/HindIII fragment. pZPNBN is a pPZP200 derivative (Hajdukiewicz, P., et al., (1994) Plant Molecular Biology 25(6): 989-94), into which a phosphinothricin resistance under the control of the NOS promoter had been inserted before the NOS terminator. (FIG. 9, construct XIV).

EXAMPLE 8 Generation of Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Plants

[0263] Wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana plants (cv. Columbia) were transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain (EHA105) on the basis of a modification of Clough's and Bent's vacuum infiltration method (Clough, S. and Bent A., Plant J. 16(6):735-43, 1998) and Bechtold, et al. (Bechtold, N., et al., CRAcad Sci Paris. 1144(2):204-212, 1993). The Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells used had previously been transformed with plasmids pZPNBN-MAAIanti or pZPNBN-FAAHanti.

[0264] Seeds of the primary transformants were screened on the basis of their phosphinothricin resistance by planting seed by hand and spraying the seedlings with the herbicide Basta (phosphinothricin). Basta-resistant seedlings were singled out and used for biochemical analysis as fully-developed plants.

EXAMPLE 9 Generation of Transgeniic Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) Plants

[0265] The generation of transgenic oilseed rape plants followed in principle the procedure of Bade, J. B. and Damm, B. (Bade, J. B. and Damm, B. (1995) in: Gene Transfer to Plants, Potrykus, I. and Spangenberg, G., eds, Springer Lab Manual, Springer Verlag, 1995, 30-38), which also indicates the composition of the media and buffers used.

[0266] The transformation was carried out with the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105. Either plasmid pPTVHPPDopHGDanti (FIG. 4, construct VI) or cultures of agrobacteria with plasmids pPTVHGDanti (FIG. 4, construct V) and pPZP200HPPDop (FIG. 5, construct VII) which were mixed after culturing were used for the transformation. Seeds of Brassica napus var. Westar were surface-sterilized with 70% strength ethanol (v/v), washed for 10 minutes with water at 55° C., incubated for 20 minutes in 1% strength hypochlorite solution (25% v/v Teepol, 0.1% v/v Tween 20) and washed six times with sterile water for in each case 20 minutes. The seeds were dried for three days on filter paper and 10-15 seeds were germinated in a glass flask containing 15 ml of termination medium. Roots and apices were removed from several seedlings (approx. size 10 cm), and the hypocotyls which remained were cut into sections approx. 6 mm long. The approx. 600 explants thus obtained were washed for 30 minutes with 50 ml of basal medium and transferred into a 300 ml flask. After addition of 100 ml of callus induction medium, the cultures were incubated for 24 hours at 100 rpm.

[0267] Overnight cultures of the Agrobacterium strains were set up in Luria broth supplemented with kanamycin (20 mg/l) at 29° C., and 2 ml of this were incubated in 50 ml of Luria broth medium without kanamycin for 4 hours at 29° C. until an OD₆₀₀ of 0.4-0.5 was reached. After the culture had been pelleted for 25 minutes at 2000 rpm, the cell pellet was resuspended in 25 ml of basal medium. The bacterial concentration of the solution was brought to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.3 by adding more basal medium. For the cotransformation, the solution of the two strains was mixed in equal parts.

[0268] The callus induction medium was removed from the oilseed rape explants using sterile pipettes, 50 ml of Agrobacterium solution were added, and the reaction wass mixed carefully and incubated for 20 minutes. The agrobacterial suspension was removed, the oilseed rape explants were washed for 1 minute with 50 ml of callus induction medium, and 100 ml of callus induction medium were subsequently added. Coculturing was carried out for 24 hours on an orbital shaker at 100 rpm. Coculturing was stopped by removing the callus induction medium and the explants were washed twice for in each case 1 minute with 25 ml and twice for 60 minutes with in each case 100 ml of wash medium at 100 rpm. The wash medium together with the explants was transferred into 15 cm Petri dishes, and the medium was removed using sterile pipettes.

[0269] For regeneration, in each case 20-30 explants were transferred into 90 mm Petri dishes containing 25 ml of shoot induction medium supplement with phosphinothricin. The Petri dishes were sealed with 2 layers of Leukopor and incubated at 25° C. and 2000 lux at photoperiods of 16 hours light/8 hours darkness. Every 12 days, the calli which developed were transferred to fresh Petri dishes containing shoot induction medium. All further steps for the regeneration of intact plants were carried out as described by Bade, J. B and Damm, B. (in: Gene Transfer to Plants, Potrykus, I. and Spangenberg, G., eds, Springer Lab Manual, Springer Verlag, 1995, 30-38).

EXAMPLE 10 Analysis of the Transgenic Plants

[0270] To verify that inhibition of HGD, MAAI and/or FAAH affects vitamin E biosynthesis in the transgenic plants, the tocopherol and tocotrienol contents in leaves and seeds of the plants (Arabidopsis thaliana, Brassica napus) which had been transformed with the above-described constructs were analyzed. To this end, the transgenic plants are grown in the greenhouse, and plants which express the antisense RNA of HGD, MAAI and/or FAAH are analyzed by means of a Northern blot analysis. The tocopherol content and the tocotrienol content in the leaves and seeds of these plants is determined. The plant material was disrupted by three indubations for 15 minutes in the Eppendorf shaker at 30° C., 1000 rpm in 100% methanol, and the supernatants obtained in each case were combined. Further incubation steps revealed no further liberation of tocopherols or tocotrienols. To avoid oxidation, the extracts obtained were analyzed directly after extraction with the aid of a Waters Allience 2690 HPLC system. Tocopherols and tocotrienols were separated using a reversed-phase column (ProntoSil 200-3-C30, Bischoff) using a mobile phase of 100% methanol and identified with reference to standards (Merck). The detection system used was the fluorescence of the substances (excitation 295 nm, emission 320 nm), which was detected with the aid of Jasco fluorescence detectors FP 920.

[0271] In all cases, the tocopherol and/or tocotrienol concentration in transgenic plants which additionally express a nucleic acid according to the invention is increased in comparison with untransformed plants.

1 44 1 2151 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana gene (1)..(2151) gene for homogentisate-1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) 1 atggaagaga agaagaagga gcttgaagag ttgaagtatc aatcaggttt tggtaaccac 60 ttctcatcgg aagcaatcgc cggagcttta ccgttagatc agaacagtcc tcttctttgt 120 ccttacggtc tttacgccga acagatctcc ggtacttctt tcacttctcc tcgcaagctc 180 aatcaaagaa ggtacatcat catttcaatt gtaagttttg gataatttcg ttgaattgat 240 tgatcttcat cttgtttttt ttttcagttg gttgtaccgg gttaaaccat cggttacaca 300 tgaaccgttc aagcctcgtg taccagctca taagaagctt gtgagtgagt ttgatgcatc 360 aaatagtcgt acgaatccga ctcagcttcg gtggagacct gaggatattc ctgattcgga 420 gattgatttc gttgatgggt tatttaccat ttgtggagct ggaagctcgt ttcttcgcca 480 tggcttcgct attcacatgt aaaaaactct tctttttatt ttggtatctt tggtgtagat 540 cagtgataca taaagtaatg atcttttgta ttcattttgt tttgaaggta tgtggctaac 600 acaggaatga aagactccgc attttgcaac gctgatggtg acttcttgtt agttcctcaa 660 acaggaagta agttagtagt cccaatgcct taccttacca catctttggg aaataaagtc 720 agtcatgtat tgagaatgga ttcaagatag tcttggatca gttctgatag tttgagtggg 780 tgttttaggg ctatggattg aaactgagtg tggaaggctt ttggtaactc ctggtgagat 840 tgctgttata ccacaaggtt tccgtttctc catagattta ccggatggga agtctcgtgg 900 ttatgttgct gaaatctatg gggctcattt tcagcttcct gatcttggac caataggtac 960 tcttgagttc ttttagattc agccggaata acatggattc tccgcaagaa tcttattggt 1020 ggatgtggac aggtgctaat ggtcttgctg catcaagaga ttttcttgca ccaacagcat 1080 ggtttgagga tggattgcgg cctgaataca caattgttca gaagtttggc ggtgaactct 1140 ttactgctaa acaagatttc tctccattca atgtggttgc ctggcatggc aattacgtgc 1200 cttataaggt gagtacattg tttattgagc ctaatcttgt aaaacgttaa tgcattgttt 1260 ttctgagaat ttcaatttct gtctgcagta tgacctgaag aagttctgtc catacaacac 1320 tgtgctttta gatcatggag atccatctat aaatacaggt tggtggtcat ctgcgctaaa 1380 tcgattcttc tttttgtttt gttatgggtt ggttacttgt tctttattgt aatcacactc 1440 tttgggtgaa ttattgtact ctcagtcctt acagcaccaa ctgataaacc tggtgtggcc 1500 ttgcttgatt ttgtcatatt tcctcctcga tggttggttg ctgagcatac ttttcgacct 1560 ccttactatc atcgtaactg catgagtgaa tttatgggct taatctacgg tgcatacgag 1620 gtaagctgct tgaagttcct gcttctgcaa atcattagct ggcttgtgtt atcctcctac 1680 tgaaatctgt aaactgactc caccattcac aggcgaaagc tgatggattt ctccctggcg 1740 gtgcaagtct tcatagctgt atgacacctc atggtccaga tactaccacg tacgaggtat 1800 caatccatct tatgcacagc agcaactaca cgtttgattt cattttcctc cgagatcatg 1860 tctaaatcta acccctgaat gtaaaattaa gtctgaagca tttttataat tgttttgtag 1920 gcgacaattg ctcgagtaaa tgcaatggct ccttctaaac tcacaggtac gatggctttc 1980 atgttcgaat cagcattgat ccctagagtc tgtcattggg ctctggagtc tcctttcctg 2040 gatcacgact actaccagtg ttggattggc ctcaagtctc atttctcgcg cataagcttg 2100 gacaagacaa atgttgaatc aacagagaaa gaaccaggag cttcggagta a 2151 2 1386 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana CDS (1)..(1383) cDNA coding for homogentisate-1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) 2 atg gaa gag aag aag aag gag ctt gaa gag ttg aag tat caa tca ggt 48 Met Glu Glu Lys Lys Lys Glu Leu Glu Glu Leu Lys Tyr Gln Ser Gly 1 5 10 15 ttt ggt aac cac ttc tca tcg gaa gca atc gcc gga gct tta ccg tta 96 Phe Gly Asn His Phe Ser Ser Glu Ala Ile Ala Gly Ala Leu Pro Leu 20 25 30 gat cag aac agt cct ctt ctt tgt cct tac ggt ctt tac gcc gaa cag 144 Asp Gln Asn Ser Pro Leu Leu Cys Pro Tyr Gly Leu Tyr Ala Glu Gln 35 40 45 atc tcc ggt act tct ttc act tct cct cgc aag ctc aat caa aga agt 192 Ile Ser Gly Thr Ser Phe Thr Ser Pro Arg Lys Leu Asn Gln Arg Ser 50 55 60 tgg ttg tac cgg gtt aaa cca tcg gtt aca cat gaa ccg ttc aag cct 240 Trp Leu Tyr Arg Val Lys Pro Ser Val Thr His Glu Pro Phe Lys Pro 65 70 75 80 cgt gta cca gct cat aag aag ctt gtg agt gag ttt gat gca tca aat 288 Arg Val Pro Ala His Lys Lys Leu Val Ser Glu Phe Asp Ala Ser Asn 85 90 95 agt cgt acg aat ccg act cag ctt cgg tgg aga cct gag gat att cct 336 Ser Arg Thr Asn Pro Thr Gln Leu Arg Trp Arg Pro Glu Asp Ile Pro 100 105 110 gat tcg gag att gat ttc gtt gat ggg tta ttt acc att tgt gga gct 384 Asp Ser Glu Ile Asp Phe Val Asp Gly Leu Phe Thr Ile Cys Gly Ala 115 120 125 gga agc tcg ttt ctt cgc cat ggc ttc gct att cac atg tat gtg gct 432 Gly Ser Ser Phe Leu Arg His Gly Phe Ala Ile His Met Tyr Val Ala 130 135 140 aac aca gga atg aaa gac tcc gca ttt tgc aac gct gat ggt gac ttc 480 Asn Thr Gly Met Lys Asp Ser Ala Phe Cys Asn Ala Asp Gly Asp Phe 145 150 155 160 ttg tta gtt cct caa aca gga agg cta tgg att gaa act gag tgt gga 528 Leu Leu Val Pro Gln Thr Gly Arg Leu Trp Ile Glu Thr Glu Cys Gly 165 170 175 agg ctt ttg gta act cct ggt gag att gct gtt ata cca caa ggt ttc 576 Arg Leu Leu Val Thr Pro Gly Glu Ile Ala Val Ile Pro Gln Gly Phe 180 185 190 cgt ttc tcc ata gat tta ccg gat ggg aag tct cgt ggt tat gtt gct 624 Arg Phe Ser Ile Asp Leu Pro Asp Gly Lys Ser Arg Gly Tyr Val Ala 195 200 205 gaa atc tat ggg gct cat ttt cag ctt cct gat ctt gga cca ata ggt 672 Glu Ile Tyr Gly Ala His Phe Gln Leu Pro Asp Leu Gly Pro Ile Gly 210 215 220 gct aat ggt ctt gct gca tca aga gat ttt ctt gca cca aca gca tgg 720 Ala Asn Gly Leu Ala Ala Ser Arg Asp Phe Leu Ala Pro Thr Ala Trp 225 230 235 240 ttt gag gat gga ttg cgg cct gaa tac aca att gtt cag aag ttt ggc 768 Phe Glu Asp Gly Leu Arg Pro Glu Tyr Thr Ile Val Gln Lys Phe Gly 245 250 255 ggt gaa ctc ttt act gct aaa caa gat ttc tct cca ttc aat gtg gtt 816 Gly Glu Leu Phe Thr Ala Lys Gln Asp Phe Ser Pro Phe Asn Val Val 260 265 270 gcc tgg cat ggc aat tac gtg cct tat aag tat gac ctg aag aag ttc 864 Ala Trp His Gly Asn Tyr Val Pro Tyr Lys Tyr Asp Leu Lys Lys Phe 275 280 285 tgt cca tac aac act gtg ctt tta gat cat gga gat cca tct ata aat 912 Cys Pro Tyr Asn Thr Val Leu Leu Asp His Gly Asp Pro Ser Ile Asn 290 295 300 aca gtc ctt aca gca cca act gat aaa cct ggt gtg gcc ttg ctt gat 960 Thr Val Leu Thr Ala Pro Thr Asp Lys Pro Gly Val Ala Leu Leu Asp 305 310 315 320 ttt gtc ata ttt cct cct cga tgg ttg gtt gct gag cat act ttt cga 1008 Phe Val Ile Phe Pro Pro Arg Trp Leu Val Ala Glu His Thr Phe Arg 325 330 335 cct cct tac tat cat cgt aac tgc atg agt gaa ttt atg ggc tta atc 1056 Pro Pro Tyr Tyr His Arg Asn Cys Met Ser Glu Phe Met Gly Leu Ile 340 345 350 tac ggt gca tac gag gcg aaa gct gat gga ttt ctc cct ggc ggt gca 1104 Tyr Gly Ala Tyr Glu Ala Lys Ala Asp Gly Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Ala 355 360 365 agt ctt cat agc tgt atg aca cct cat ggt cca gat act acc acg tac 1152 Ser Leu His Ser Cys Met Thr Pro His Gly Pro Asp Thr Thr Thr Tyr 370 375 380 gag gcg aca att gct cga gta aat gca atg gct cct tct aaa ctc aca 1200 Glu Ala Thr Ile Ala Arg Val Asn Ala Met Ala Pro Ser Lys Leu Thr 385 390 395 400 ggt acg atg gct ttc atg ttc gaa tca gca ttg atc cct aga gtc tgt 1248 Gly Thr Met Ala Phe Met Phe Glu Ser Ala Leu Ile Pro Arg Val Cys 405 410 415 cat tgg gct ctg gag tct cct ttc ctg gat cac gac tac tac cag tgt 1296 His Trp Ala Leu Glu Ser Pro Phe Leu Asp His Asp Tyr Tyr Gln Cys 420 425 430 tgg att ggc ctc aag tct cat ttc tcg cgc ata agc ttg gac aag aca 1344 Trp Ile Gly Leu Lys Ser His Phe Ser Arg Ile Ser Leu Asp Lys Thr 435 440 445 aat gtt gaa tca aca gag aaa gaa cca gga gct tcg gag taa 1386 Asn Val Glu Ser Thr Glu Lys Glu Pro Gly Ala Ser Glu 450 455 460 3 461 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 3 Met Glu Glu Lys Lys Lys Glu Leu Glu Glu Leu Lys Tyr Gln Ser Gly 1 5 10 15 Phe Gly Asn His Phe Ser Ser Glu Ala Ile Ala Gly Ala Leu Pro Leu 20 25 30 Asp Gln Asn Ser Pro Leu Leu Cys Pro Tyr Gly Leu Tyr Ala Glu Gln 35 40 45 Ile Ser Gly Thr Ser Phe Thr Ser Pro Arg Lys Leu Asn Gln Arg Ser 50 55 60 Trp Leu Tyr Arg Val Lys Pro Ser Val Thr His Glu Pro Phe Lys Pro 65 70 75 80 Arg Val Pro Ala His Lys Lys Leu Val Ser Glu Phe Asp Ala Ser Asn 85 90 95 Ser Arg Thr Asn Pro Thr Gln Leu Arg Trp Arg Pro Glu Asp Ile Pro 100 105 110 Asp Ser Glu Ile Asp Phe Val Asp Gly Leu Phe Thr Ile Cys Gly Ala 115 120 125 Gly Ser Ser Phe Leu Arg His Gly Phe Ala Ile His Met Tyr Val Ala 130 135 140 Asn Thr Gly Met Lys Asp Ser Ala Phe Cys Asn Ala Asp Gly Asp Phe 145 150 155 160 Leu Leu Val Pro Gln Thr Gly Arg Leu Trp Ile Glu Thr Glu Cys Gly 165 170 175 Arg Leu Leu Val Thr Pro Gly Glu Ile Ala Val Ile Pro Gln Gly Phe 180 185 190 Arg Phe Ser Ile Asp Leu Pro Asp Gly Lys Ser Arg Gly Tyr Val Ala 195 200 205 Glu Ile Tyr Gly Ala His Phe Gln Leu Pro Asp Leu Gly Pro Ile Gly 210 215 220 Ala Asn Gly Leu Ala Ala Ser Arg Asp Phe Leu Ala Pro Thr Ala Trp 225 230 235 240 Phe Glu Asp Gly Leu Arg Pro Glu Tyr Thr Ile Val Gln Lys Phe Gly 245 250 255 Gly Glu Leu Phe Thr Ala Lys Gln Asp Phe Ser Pro Phe Asn Val Val 260 265 270 Ala Trp His Gly Asn Tyr Val Pro Tyr Lys Tyr Asp Leu Lys Lys Phe 275 280 285 Cys Pro Tyr Asn Thr Val Leu Leu Asp His Gly Asp Pro Ser Ile Asn 290 295 300 Thr Val Leu Thr Ala Pro Thr Asp Lys Pro Gly Val Ala Leu Leu Asp 305 310 315 320 Phe Val Ile Phe Pro Pro Arg Trp Leu Val Ala Glu His Thr Phe Arg 325 330 335 Pro Pro Tyr Tyr His Arg Asn Cys Met Ser Glu Phe Met Gly Leu Ile 340 345 350 Tyr Gly Ala Tyr Glu Ala Lys Ala Asp Gly Phe Leu Pro Gly Gly Ala 355 360 365 Ser Leu His Ser Cys Met Thr Pro His Gly Pro Asp Thr Thr Thr Tyr 370 375 380 Glu Ala Thr Ile Ala Arg Val Asn Ala Met Ala Pro Ser Lys Leu Thr 385 390 395 400 Gly Thr Met Ala Phe Met Phe Glu Ser Ala Leu Ile Pro Arg Val Cys 405 410 415 His Trp Ala Leu Glu Ser Pro Phe Leu Asp His Asp Tyr Tyr Gln Cys 420 425 430 Trp Ile Gly Leu Lys Ser His Phe Ser Arg Ile Ser Leu Asp Lys Thr 435 440 445 Asn Val Glu Ser Thr Glu Lys Glu Pro Gly Ala Ser Glu 450 455 460 4 1227 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana CDS (1)..(1224) cDNA coding for fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAAH) 4 atg gcg ttg ctg aag tct ttc atc gat gtt ggc tca gac tcg cac ttc 48 Met Ala Leu Leu Lys Ser Phe Ile Asp Val Gly Ser Asp Ser His Phe 1 5 10 15 cct atc cag aat ctc cct tat ggt gtc ttc aaa ccg gaa tcg aac tca 96 Pro Ile Gln Asn Leu Pro Tyr Gly Val Phe Lys Pro Glu Ser Asn Ser 20 25 30 act cct cgt cct gcc gtc gct atc ggc gat ttg gtt ctg gac ctc tcc 144 Thr Pro Arg Pro Ala Val Ala Ile Gly Asp Leu Val Leu Asp Leu Ser 35 40 45 gct atc tct gaa gct ggg ctt ttc gat ggt ctg atc ctt aag gac gca 192 Ala Ile Ser Glu Ala Gly Leu Phe Asp Gly Leu Ile Leu Lys Asp Ala 50 55 60 gat tgc ttt ctt cag cct aat ttg aat aag ttc ttg gcc atg gga cgg 240 Asp Cys Phe Leu Gln Pro Asn Leu Asn Lys Phe Leu Ala Met Gly Arg 65 70 75 80 cct gcg tgg aag gaa gcg cgt tct acg ctg caa aga atc ttg tca ttt 288 Pro Ala Trp Lys Glu Ala Arg Ser Thr Leu Gln Arg Ile Leu Ser Phe 85 90 95 ttg tta ttt ggc ttc aag gtt ttg gtt ttg gta tgt ttt cat gca gct 336 Leu Leu Phe Gly Phe Lys Val Leu Val Leu Val Cys Phe His Ala Ala 100 105 110 aat gaa cct atc ttg cga gac aat gat gtt ttg agg aga aaa tca ttc 384 Asn Glu Pro Ile Leu Arg Asp Asn Asp Val Leu Arg Arg Lys Ser Phe 115 120 125 cat cag atg agt aaa gtg gaa atg att gtt cct atg gtg att ggg gac 432 His Gln Met Ser Lys Val Glu Met Ile Val Pro Met Val Ile Gly Asp 130 135 140 tat aca gac ttc ttt gca tct atg cat cac gcg aag aac tgc gga ctt 480 Tyr Thr Asp Phe Phe Ala Ser Met His His Ala Lys Asn Cys Gly Leu 145 150 155 160 atg ttc cgt ggg cct gag aat gcg ata aac cca aat tgg ttt cgt ctt 528 Met Phe Arg Gly Pro Glu Asn Ala Ile Asn Pro Asn Trp Phe Arg Leu 165 170 175 ccc att gca tat cat gga cgg gca tca tct att gtc atc tct ggg act 576 Pro Ile Ala Tyr His Gly Arg Ala Ser Ser Ile Val Ile Ser Gly Thr 180 185 190 gac att att cga cca aga ggt cag ggc cat cca caa gga aac tct gaa 624 Asp Ile Ile Arg Pro Arg Gly Gln Gly His Pro Gln Gly Asn Ser Glu 195 200 205 cca tat ttt gga cct tcg aag aaa ctt gat ttt gag ctt gag atg gct 672 Pro Tyr Phe Gly Pro Ser Lys Lys Leu Asp Phe Glu Leu Glu Met Ala 210 215 220 gct gtg gtt ggt cca gga aat gaa ttg gga aag cct att gac gtg aat 720 Ala Val Val Gly Pro Gly Asn Glu Leu Gly Lys Pro Ile Asp Val Asn 225 230 235 240 aat gca gcc gat cat ata ttt ggt cta tta ctg atg aat gac tgg agt 768 Asn Ala Ala Asp His Ile Phe Gly Leu Leu Leu Met Asn Asp Trp Ser 245 250 255 gct agg gat att cag gcg tgg gag tat gta cct ctt ggt cct ttc ctg 816 Ala Arg Asp Ile Gln Ala Trp Glu Tyr Val Pro Leu Gly Pro Phe Leu 260 265 270 ggg aag agt ttt ggg act act ata tcc cct tgg att gtt acc ttg gat 864 Gly Lys Ser Phe Gly Thr Thr Ile Ser Pro Trp Ile Val Thr Leu Asp 275 280 285 gcg ctt gag cct ttt ggt tgt caa gct ccc aag cag gat cca cct cca 912 Ala Leu Glu Pro Phe Gly Cys Gln Ala Pro Lys Gln Asp Pro Pro Pro 290 295 300 ttg cca tat ttg gct gag aaa gag tct gta aat tac gat atc tcc ttg 960 Leu Pro Tyr Leu Ala Glu Lys Glu Ser Val Asn Tyr Asp Ile Ser Leu 305 310 315 320 gag cta gca cac cat acc gtt aac ggt tgc aat ttg agg cct ggt gat 1008 Glu Leu Ala His His Thr Val Asn Gly Cys Asn Leu Arg Pro Gly Asp 325 330 335 ctc ctt ggc aca gga acc ata agc gga ccg gag cca gat tca tat ggg 1056 Leu Leu Gly Thr Gly Thr Ile Ser Gly Pro Glu Pro Asp Ser Tyr Gly 340 345 350 tgc cta ctt gag ttg aca tgg aat gga cag aaa cct cta tca ctc aat 1104 Cys Leu Leu Glu Leu Thr Trp Asn Gly Gln Lys Pro Leu Ser Leu Asn 355 360 365 gga aca act cag acg ttt ctc gaa gac gga gac caa gtc acc ttc tca 1152 Gly Thr Thr Gln Thr Phe Leu Glu Asp Gly Asp Gln Val Thr Phe Ser 370 375 380 ggt gta tgc aag gga gat ggt tac aat gtt ggg ttt gga aca tgc aca 1200 Gly Val Cys Lys Gly Asp Gly Tyr Asn Val Gly Phe Gly Thr Cys Thr 385 390 395 400 ggg aaa att gtt cct tca ccg cct tga 1227 Gly Lys Ile Val Pro Ser Pro Pro 405 5 408 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 5 Met Ala Leu Leu Lys Ser Phe Ile Asp Val Gly Ser Asp Ser His Phe 1 5 10 15 Pro Ile Gln Asn Leu Pro Tyr Gly Val Phe Lys Pro Glu Ser Asn Ser 20 25 30 Thr Pro Arg Pro Ala Val Ala Ile Gly Asp Leu Val Leu Asp Leu Ser 35 40 45 Ala Ile Ser Glu Ala Gly Leu Phe Asp Gly Leu Ile Leu Lys Asp Ala 50 55 60 Asp Cys Phe Leu Gln Pro Asn Leu Asn Lys Phe Leu Ala Met Gly Arg 65 70 75 80 Pro Ala Trp Lys Glu Ala Arg Ser Thr Leu Gln Arg Ile Leu Ser Phe 85 90 95 Leu Leu Phe Gly Phe Lys Val Leu Val Leu Val Cys Phe His Ala Ala 100 105 110 Asn Glu Pro Ile Leu Arg Asp Asn Asp Val Leu Arg Arg Lys Ser Phe 115 120 125 His Gln Met Ser Lys Val Glu Met Ile Val Pro Met Val Ile Gly Asp 130 135 140 Tyr Thr Asp Phe Phe Ala Ser Met His His Ala Lys Asn Cys Gly Leu 145 150 155 160 Met Phe Arg Gly Pro Glu Asn Ala Ile Asn Pro Asn Trp Phe Arg Leu 165 170 175 Pro Ile Ala Tyr His Gly Arg Ala Ser Ser Ile Val Ile Ser Gly Thr 180 185 190 Asp Ile Ile Arg Pro Arg Gly Gln Gly His Pro Gln Gly Asn Ser Glu 195 200 205 Pro Tyr Phe Gly Pro Ser Lys Lys Leu Asp Phe Glu Leu Glu Met Ala 210 215 220 Ala Val Val Gly Pro Gly Asn Glu Leu Gly Lys Pro Ile Asp Val Asn 225 230 235 240 Asn Ala Ala Asp His Ile Phe Gly Leu Leu Leu Met Asn Asp Trp Ser 245 250 255 Ala Arg Asp Ile Gln Ala Trp Glu Tyr Val Pro Leu Gly Pro Phe Leu 260 265 270 Gly Lys Ser Phe Gly Thr Thr Ile Ser Pro Trp Ile Val Thr Leu Asp 275 280 285 Ala Leu Glu Pro Phe Gly Cys Gln Ala Pro Lys Gln Asp Pro Pro Pro 290 295 300 Leu Pro Tyr Leu Ala Glu Lys Glu Ser Val Asn Tyr Asp Ile Ser Leu 305 310 315 320 Glu Leu Ala His His Thr Val Asn Gly Cys Asn Leu Arg Pro Gly Asp 325 330 335 Leu Leu Gly Thr Gly Thr Ile Ser Gly Pro Glu Pro Asp Ser Tyr Gly 340 345 350 Cys Leu Leu Glu Leu Thr Trp Asn Gly Gln Lys Pro Leu Ser Leu Asn 355 360 365 Gly Thr Thr Gln Thr Phe Leu Glu Asp Gly Asp Gln Val Thr Phe Ser 370 375 380 Gly Val Cys Lys Gly Asp Gly Tyr Asn Val Gly Phe Gly Thr Cys Thr 385 390 395 400 Gly Lys Ile Val Pro Ser Pro Pro 405 6 1721 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana gene (9)..(1713) gene for maleylacetoacetate isomerase (MAAI) 6 atgtcgacat gtcttatgtt accgattttt atcaggcgaa gttgaagctc tactcttact 60 ggagaagctc atgtgctcat cgcgtccgta tcgccctcac tttaaaaggt accagccaat 120 gattttattc ttttcttgtg agcaattctt tgatctgaat ttggttcttg ttcgattttc 180 attagggctt gattatgaat atataccggt taatttgctc aaaggggatc aatccgattc 240 aggtgcgtag tttctaggtt atattgaact ttatttgaag taacattgta aagataagaa 300 tggtaagtaa ctgagatttc ttatgttaga cttagaagtt tattcgtttt ggttctctag 360 atttcaagaa gatcaatcca atgggcactg taccagcgct tgttgatggt gatgttgtga 420 ttaatgactc tttcgcaata ataatggtca gtagtaacac atccatttag tttgtttggt 480 tttgttgatg aaaaggaaca ttcgtttatt cgtcttgttg tttttcaaat ggacagtacc 540 tggatgataa gtatccggag ccaccgctgt taccaagtga ctaccataaa cgggcggtaa 600 attaccaggt atcttcgatc ctttgtcttc agatgatgat gtgttgccat catctgcaaa 660 accatgtagt taagtccaaa tgtagtgaac attatcagct ttagattgcg agtgtgatcg 720 ttgttcttat tttgtatatt tcaggcgacg agtattgtca tgtctggtat acagcctcat 780 caaaatatgg ctctttttgt gagaagatga gattaatgta atggattcta ctaatggagg 840 ttctataaca aagcaaacat agttacattt tgtcattttt tttaacagag gtatctcgag 900 gacaagataa atgctgagga gaaaactgct tggattacta atgctatcac aaaaggattc 960 acaggtatga tatctctaat ctacctatac gtaatcaaga accaagacat atgttcaaaa 1020 tgtgattttg ttgatattgt ggttgtacag gtttataacg acctgtctga taatgtctca 1080 tatgtccttc agctctcgag aaactgttgg tgagttgcgc tggaaaatac gcgactggtg 1140 atgaagttta cttggtatgt ctctaaatct ccctggataa tctctatggt actactctct 1200 tctttattac aatgaagcat tgttttgcag gctgatcttt tcctagcacc acagatccac 1260 gcagcattca acagattcca tattaacatg gtacttttcc tcagctaatc tcttctcctg 1320 gtacctagat attgcattgt atatcccccc aaattccatg gaatccttga tcagagtttt 1380 aaggtagcat gaaccaaatg ttatctctgt ctcacacttt cacattcaca gagtaacata 1440 gacgtaatac tcagtttcat aacttttttt cctcgcatca cttggttttc atctctacaa 1500 ttttgttgta taggaaccat tcccgactct tgcaaggttt tacgagtcat acaacgaact 1560 gcctgcattt caaaatgcag tcccggagaa gcaaccagat actccttcca ccatctgatt 1620 ctgtgaaccg taagcttctc tcagtctcag ctcaataaaa tctcttagga aacaacaaca 1680 acaccttgaa cttaaatgta tcatatgaac cagggatcca t 1721 7 1238 DNA Escherichia coli gene (7)..(1232) tyrA gene coding for bifunctional chorismate mutase / prephenate dehydrogenase 7 cccgggtggc ttaagaggtt tatt atg gtt gct gaa ttg acc gca tta cgc 51 Met Val Ala Glu Leu Thr Ala Leu Arg 1 5 gat caa att gat gaa gtc gat aaa gcg ctg ctg aat tta tta gcg aag 99 Asp Gln Ile Asp Glu Val Asp Lys Ala Leu Leu Asn Leu Leu Ala Lys 10 15 20 25 cgt ctg gaa ctg gtt gct gaa gtg ggc gag gtg aaa agc cgc ttt gga 147 Arg Leu Glu Leu Val Ala Glu Val Gly Glu Val Lys Ser Arg Phe Gly 30 35 40 ctg cct att tat gtt ccg gag cgc gag gca tct atg ttg gcc tcg cgt 195 Leu Pro Ile Tyr Val Pro Glu Arg Glu Ala Ser Met Leu Ala Ser Arg 45 50 55 cgt gca gag gcg gaa gct ctg ggt gta ccg cca gat ctg att gag gat 243 Arg Ala Glu Ala Glu Ala Leu Gly Val Pro Pro Asp Leu Ile Glu Asp 60 65 70 gtt ttg cgt cgg gtg atg cgt gaa tct tac tcc agt gaa aac gac aaa 291 Val Leu Arg Arg Val Met Arg Glu Ser Tyr Ser Ser Glu Asn Asp Lys 75 80 85 gga ttt aaa aca ctt tgt ccg tca ctg cgt ccg gtg gtt atc gtc ggc 339 Gly Phe Lys Thr Leu Cys Pro Ser Leu Arg Pro Val Val Ile Val Gly 90 95 100 105 ggt ggc ggt cag atg gga cgc ctg ttc gag aag atg ctg acc ctc tcg 387 Gly Gly Gly Gln Met Gly Arg Leu Phe Glu Lys Met Leu Thr Leu Ser 110 115 120 ggt tat cag gtg cgg att ctg gag caa cat gac tgg gat cga gcg gct 435 Gly Tyr Gln Val Arg Ile Leu Glu Gln His Asp Trp Asp Arg Ala Ala 125 130 135 gat att gtt gcc gat gcc gga atg gtg att gtt agt gtg cca atc cac 483 Asp Ile Val Ala Asp Ala Gly Met Val Ile Val Ser Val Pro Ile His 140 145 150 gtt act gag caa gtt att ggc aaa tta ccg cct tta ccg aaa gat tgt 531 Val Thr Glu Gln Val Ile Gly Lys Leu Pro Pro Leu Pro Lys Asp Cys 155 160 165 att ctg gtc gat ctg gca tca gtg aaa aat ggg cca tta cag gcc atg 579 Ile Leu Val Asp Leu Ala Ser Val Lys Asn Gly Pro Leu Gln Ala Met 170 175 180 185 ctg gtg gcg cat gat ggt ccg gtg ctg ggg cta cac ccg atg ttc ggt 627 Leu Val Ala His Asp Gly Pro Val Leu Gly Leu His Pro Met Phe Gly 190 195 200 ccg gac agc ggt agc ctg gca aag caa gtt gtg gtc tgg tgt gat gga 675 Pro Asp Ser Gly Ser Leu Ala Lys Gln Val Val Val Trp Cys Asp Gly 205 210 215 cgt aaa ccg gaa gca tac caa tgg ttt ctg gag caa att cag gtc tgg 723 Arg Lys Pro Glu Ala Tyr Gln Trp Phe Leu Glu Gln Ile Gln Val Trp 220 225 230 ggc gct cgg ctg cat cgt att agc gcc gtc gag cac gat cag aat atg 771 Gly Ala Arg Leu His Arg Ile Ser Ala Val Glu His Asp Gln Asn Met 235 240 245 gcg ttt att cag gca ctg cgc cac ttt gct act ttt gct tac ggg ctg 819 Ala Phe Ile Gln Ala Leu Arg His Phe Ala Thr Phe Ala Tyr Gly Leu 250 255 260 265 cac ctg gca gaa gaa aat gtt cag ctt gag caa ctt ctg gcg ctc tct 867 His Leu Ala Glu Glu Asn Val Gln Leu Glu Gln Leu Leu Ala Leu Ser 270 275 280 tcg ccg att tac cgc ctt gag ctg gcg atg gtc ggg cga ctg ttt gct 915 Ser Pro Ile Tyr Arg Leu Glu Leu Ala Met Val Gly Arg Leu Phe Ala 285 290 295 cag gat ccg cag ctt tat gcc gac atc att atg tcg tca gag cgt aat 963 Gln Asp Pro Gln Leu Tyr Ala Asp Ile Ile Met Ser Ser Glu Arg Asn 300 305 310 ctg gcg tta atc aaa cgt tac tat aag cgt ttc ggc gag gcg att gag 1011 Leu Ala Leu Ile Lys Arg Tyr Tyr Lys Arg Phe Gly Glu Ala Ile Glu 315 320 325 ttg ctg gag cag ggc gat aag cag gcg ttt att gac agt ttc cgc aag 1059 Leu Leu Glu Gln Gly Asp Lys Gln Ala Phe Ile Asp Ser Phe Arg Lys 330 335 340 345 gtg gag cac tgg ttc ggc gat tac gca cag cgt ttt cag agt gaa agc 1107 Val Glu His Trp Phe Gly Asp Tyr Ala Gln Arg Phe Gln Ser Glu Ser 350 355 360 cgc gtg tta ttg cgt cag gcg aat gac aat cgc cag taataatcca 1153 Arg Val Leu Leu Arg Gln Ala Asn Asp Asn Arg Gln 365 370 gtgccggatg attcacatca tccggcacct tttcatcagg ttggatcaac aggcactacg 1213 ttctcacttg ggtaacagcg tcgac 1238 8 373 PRT Escherichia coli 8 Met Val Ala Glu Leu Thr Ala Leu Arg Asp Gln Ile Asp Glu Val Asp 1 5 10 15 Lys Ala Leu Leu Asn Leu Leu Ala Lys Arg Leu Glu Leu Val Ala Glu 20 25 30 Val Gly Glu Val Lys Ser Arg Phe Gly Leu Pro Ile Tyr Val Pro Glu 35 40 45 Arg Glu Ala Ser Met Leu Ala Ser Arg Arg Ala Glu Ala Glu Ala Leu 50 55 60 Gly Val Pro Pro Asp Leu Ile Glu Asp Val Leu Arg Arg Val Met Arg 65 70 75 80 Glu Ser Tyr Ser Ser Glu Asn Asp Lys Gly Phe Lys Thr Leu Cys Pro 85 90 95 Ser Leu Arg Pro Val Val Ile Val Gly Gly Gly Gly Gln Met Gly Arg 100 105 110 Leu Phe Glu Lys Met Leu Thr Leu Ser Gly Tyr Gln Val Arg Ile Leu 115 120 125 Glu Gln His Asp Trp Asp Arg Ala Ala Asp Ile Val Ala Asp Ala Gly 130 135 140 Met Val Ile Val Ser Val Pro Ile His Val Thr Glu Gln Val Ile Gly 145 150 155 160 Lys Leu Pro Pro Leu Pro Lys Asp Cys Ile Leu Val Asp Leu Ala Ser 165 170 175 Val Lys Asn Gly Pro Leu Gln Ala Met Leu Val Ala His Asp Gly Pro 180 185 190 Val Leu Gly Leu His Pro Met Phe Gly Pro Asp Ser Gly Ser Leu Ala 195 200 205 Lys Gln Val Val Val Trp Cys Asp Gly Arg Lys Pro Glu Ala Tyr Gln 210 215 220 Trp Phe Leu Glu Gln Ile Gln Val Trp Gly Ala Arg Leu His Arg Ile 225 230 235 240 Ser Ala Val Glu His Asp Gln Asn Met Ala Phe Ile Gln Ala Leu Arg 245 250 255 His Phe Ala Thr Phe Ala Tyr Gly Leu His Leu Ala Glu Glu Asn Val 260 265 270 Gln Leu Glu Gln Leu Leu Ala Leu Ser Ser Pro Ile Tyr Arg Leu Glu 275 280 285 Leu Ala Met Val Gly Arg Leu Phe Ala Gln Asp Pro Gln Leu Tyr Ala 290 295 300 Asp Ile Ile Met Ser Ser Glu Arg Asn Leu Ala Leu Ile Lys Arg Tyr 305 310 315 320 Tyr Lys Arg Phe Gly Glu Ala Ile Glu Leu Leu Glu Gln Gly Asp Lys 325 330 335 Gln Ala Phe Ile Asp Ser Phe Arg Lys Val Glu His Trp Phe Gly Asp 340 345 350 Tyr Ala Gln Arg Phe Gln Ser Glu Ser Arg Val Leu Leu Arg Gln Ala 355 360 365 Asn Asp Asn Arg Gln 370 9 2953 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana gene (1)..(2953) gene for fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAAH) 9 atggcgttgc tgaagtcttt catcgatgtt ggctcagact cgcacttccc tatccagaat 60 ctcccttatg gtgtcttcaa accggaatcg aactcaactc ctcgtcctgc cgtcgctatc 120 ggcgatttgg ttctggacct ctccgctatc tctgaagctg ggcttttcga tggtctgatc 180 cttaaggacg cagattgctt tcttcaggtt cgtttttccg attcctataa actcggatta 240 ctatgtagta gtaccctggg aatgtttccg taaatgattt cgaatttgct atttgaacct 300 gatctctgaa gtttgctcca tggtttattg gatagatcaa tcccgtttag ctcgaaaaaa 360 atccattgtt ctactcaatt gctcgttgct tcgattcatt atctgttaca gtttgagttt 420 tctgttcacg attttgaact tttgcaacta tgattattgc tttatgatct gacggtatag 480 tgtattgctt acacttagtg atgaggaaaa tgaggttgtg tttattttct ggtgtgtttc 540 ttttgatgtt aatattgttt agtttctgtg ctctgtttgc agcctaattt gaataagttc 600 ttggccatgg gacggcctgc gtggaaggaa gcgcgttcta cgctgcaaag aatcttgtca 660 tgtatgctct gtttgatcct attgatttat ttggattttt atggagtttt gttatttggc 720 ttcaaggttt tggttttggt atgttttcat gcagctaatg aacctatctt gcgagacaat 780 gatgttttga ggagaaaatc attccatcag atggttagta gtgtgaaatt gttttttgct 840 taaactaggg aaattgtttg tatatctgtt acttacgttt attgctgttt gatgcaaatt 900 tgcagagtaa agtggaaatg attgttccta tggtgattgg ggactataca gacttctttg 960 catctatgca tcacgcgaag aactgcggac ttatgttccg tgggcctgag aatgcgataa 1020 acccaaattg gtgcgtttat gttacttttg agctgagagt ttcttcatga aatggtcaag 1080 tcgaaaggat gactctgtat taacatgaca ttaccatatt tttcaggttt cgtcttccca 1140 ttgcatatca tggacgggca tcatctattg tcatctctgg gactgacatt attcgaccaa 1200 ggttaggaaa ttgtgtatta ttatctggtt tttggtgggc tgagaatggt tgttaagaat 1260 aattcacatg tcatatttga agtcatgcat catgcaaggt tttatgcttt gacaagaaat 1320 atagtttttt ataagatatt attacattga aaccaatatt ggcggatggt aaaatttcat 1380 gcagacaaat taataatgaa atgctaattc cagttttatc tttgcttgtt ttgctttctt 1440 ccagaggtca gggccatcca caaggaaact ctgaaccata ttttggacct tcgaagaaac 1500 ttgattttga gcttgagatg gtaagcatct gatgcctcag ttatgtggat ttgttttaca 1560 atgattcggt tgatgctttt tggtgctagt taagaataac ggcattgaca aacctctctt 1620 ttatcacatg atattcaggc tgctgtggtt ggtccaggaa atgaattggg aaagcctatt 1680 gacgtgaata atgcagccga tcatatattt ggtctattac tgatgaatga ctggagtggt 1740 actcacttaa ctatagtttt cgttgagtca tctttaacct gaccgggcat gaccggtttt 1800 tttaaatgtt tgttgttata gctagggata ttcaggcgtg ggagtatgta cctcttggtc 1860 ctttcctggg gaagagtttt ggtgagatat ttggcttcaa tactttgatt tcatttcctc 1920 tagttgaagt atatgggcaa agaacttcgg tgaatgttgt cttgttgtgt tgtagggact 1980 actatatccc cttggattgt taccttggat gcgcttgagc cttttggttg tcaagctccc 2040 aagcaggttg gtacttaggc atcacattct ttttgtgtca cgcaatcact gattctctca 2100 tgatctaact tgttcttggg gcaggatcca cctccattgc catatttggc tgagaaagag 2160 tctgtaaatt acgatatctc cttggaggta gcattcgata ttggagtttc actttttggc 2220 tttttgctat caactataac agcttatggt ggactgaact gaaataaaca tcatgttttt 2280 acctcttata ggttcaactt aaaccttctg gcagagatga ttcttgtgta ataacaaaga 2340 gcaacttcca aaacttgtga gttcctctat aatctcctac ccaattcctc catataatta 2400 aacagtttgg ttcaaactct tttaaactta ttgtgacaga tattggacca taacgcagca 2460 gctagcacac cataccgtta acggttgcaa tttgaggcct ggtgatctcc ttggcacagg 2520 aaccataagc ggaccggtaa actcttttcg aaccagttct ctcgtctact atatcacgtg 2580 atgactacac aataactcgc aaaatctttg tttcttggtt ctaaacgcag gagccagatt 2640 catatgggtg cctacttgag ttgacatgga atggacagaa acctctatca ctcaatggaa 2700 caactcagac gtttctcgaa gacggagacc aagtcacctt ctcaggtgta tgcaaggtat 2760 cagctgatta acacggtttc tgctttagtt taatttgctt tataccccaa caactccaaa 2820 tgaatttcgt tgcatgacat ttcggttaac gcttattaat caaattacgt ctatgattaa 2880 accgttgtag ggagatggtt acaatgttgg gtttggaaca tgcacaggga aaattgttcc 2940 ttcaccgcct tga 2953 10 1534 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana CDS (28)..(1227) cDNA coding for hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase 10 cgagttttag cagagttggt gaaatca atg ggc cac caa aac gcc gcc gtt tca 54 Met Gly His Gln Asn Ala Ala Val Ser 1 5 gag aat caa aac cat gat gac ggc gct gcg tcg tcg ccg gga ttc aag 102 Glu Asn Gln Asn His Asp Asp Gly Ala Ala Ser Ser Pro Gly Phe Lys 10 15 20 25 ctc gtc gga ttt tcc aag ttc gta aga aag aat cca aag tct gat aaa 150 Leu Val Gly Phe Ser Lys Phe Val Arg Lys Asn Pro Lys Ser Asp Lys 30 35 40 ttc aag gtt aag cgc ttc cat cac atc gag ttc tgg tgc ggc gac gca 198 Phe Lys Val Lys Arg Phe His His Ile Glu Phe Trp Cys Gly Asp Ala 45 50 55 acc aac gtc gct cgt cgc ttc tcc tgg ggt ctg ggg atg aga ttc tcc 246 Thr Asn Val Ala Arg Arg Phe Ser Trp Gly Leu Gly Met Arg Phe Ser 60 65 70 gcc aaa tcc gat ctt tcc acc gga aac atg gtt cac gcc tct tac cta 294 Ala Lys Ser Asp Leu Ser Thr Gly Asn Met Val His Ala Ser Tyr Leu 75 80 85 ctc acc tcc ggt gac ctc cga ttc ctt ttc act gct cct tac tct ccg 342 Leu Thr Ser Gly Asp Leu Arg Phe Leu Phe Thr Ala Pro Tyr Ser Pro 90 95 100 105 tct ctc tcc gcc gga gag att aaa ccg aca acc aca gct tct atc cca 390 Ser Leu Ser Ala Gly Glu Ile Lys Pro Thr Thr Thr Ala Ser Ile Pro 110 115 120 agt ttc gat cac ggc tct tgt cgt tcc ttc ttc tct tca cat ggt ctc 438 Ser Phe Asp His Gly Ser Cys Arg Ser Phe Phe Ser Ser His Gly Leu 125 130 135 ggt gtt aga gcc gtt gcg att gaa gta gaa gac gca gag tca gct ttc 486 Gly Val Arg Ala Val Ala Ile Glu Val Glu Asp Ala Glu Ser Ala Phe 140 145 150 tcc atc agt gta gct aat ggc gct att cct tcg tcg cct cct atc gtc 534 Ser Ile Ser Val Ala Asn Gly Ala Ile Pro Ser Ser Pro Pro Ile Val 155 160 165 ctc aat gaa gca gtt acg atc gct gag gtt aaa cta tac ggc gat gtt 582 Leu Asn Glu Ala Val Thr Ile Ala Glu Val Lys Leu Tyr Gly Asp Val 170 175 180 185 gtt ctc cga tat gtt agt tac aaa gca gaa gat acc gaa aaa tcc gaa 630 Val Leu Arg Tyr Val Ser Tyr Lys Ala Glu Asp Thr Glu Lys Ser Glu 190 195 200 ttc ttg cca ggg ttc gag cgt gta gag gat gcg tcg tcg ttc cca ttg 678 Phe Leu Pro Gly Phe Glu Arg Val Glu Asp Ala Ser Ser Phe Pro Leu 205 210 215 gat tat ggt atc cgg cgg ctt gac cac gcc gtg gga aac gtt cct gag 726 Asp Tyr Gly Ile Arg Arg Leu Asp His Ala Val Gly Asn Val Pro Glu 220 225 230 ctt ggt ccg gct tta act tat gta gcg ggg ttc act ggt ttt cac caa 774 Leu Gly Pro Ala Leu Thr Tyr Val Ala Gly Phe Thr Gly Phe His Gln 235 240 245 ttc gca gag ttc aca gca gac gac gtt gga acc gcc gag agc ggt tta 822 Phe Ala Glu Phe Thr Ala Asp Asp Val Gly Thr Ala Glu Ser Gly Leu 250 255 260 265 aat tca gcg gtc ctg gct agc aat gat gaa atg gtt ctt cta ccg att 870 Asn Ser Ala Val Leu Ala Ser Asn Asp Glu Met Val Leu Leu Pro Ile 270 275 280 aac gag cca gtg cac gga aca aag agg aag agt cag att cag acg tat 918 Asn Glu Pro Val His Gly Thr Lys Arg Lys Ser Gln Ile Gln Thr Tyr 285 290 295 ttg gaa cat aac gaa ggc gca ggg cta caa cat ctg gct ctg atg agt 966 Leu Glu His Asn Glu Gly Ala Gly Leu Gln His Leu Ala Leu Met Ser 300 305 310 gaa gac ata ttc agg acc ctg aga gag atg agg aag agg agc agt att 1014 Glu Asp Ile Phe Arg Thr Leu Arg Glu Met Arg Lys Arg Ser Ser Ile 315 320 325 gga gga ttc gac ttc atg cct tct cct ccg cct act tac tac cag aat 1062 Gly Gly Phe Asp Phe Met Pro Ser Pro Pro Pro Thr Tyr Tyr Gln Asn 330 335 340 345 ctc aag aaa cgg gtc ggc gac gtg ctc agc gat gat cag atc aag gag 1110 Leu Lys Lys Arg Val Gly Asp Val Leu Ser Asp Asp Gln Ile Lys Glu 350 355 360 tgt gag gaa tta ggg att ctt gta gac aga gat gat caa ggg acg ttg 1158 Cys Glu Glu Leu Gly Ile Leu Val Asp Arg Asp Asp Gln Gly Thr Leu 365 370 375 ctt caa atc ttc aca aaa cca cta ggt gac agg tac agt tca ttt aat 1206 Leu Gln Ile Phe Thr Lys Pro Leu Gly Asp Arg Tyr Ser Ser Phe Asn 380 385 390 caa aca cat gtt aca gtt ccc taacaatcca tttgatgata aacatgttac 1257 Gln Thr His Val Thr Val Pro 395 400 agtttactaa gcaatctctt gtttatgatt gtgttaatag gccgacgata tttatagaga 1317 taatccagag agtaggatgc atgatgaaag atgaggaagg gaaggcttac cagagtggag 1377 gatgtggtgg tctctgagct cttcaagtcc attgaagaat acgaaaagac tcttgaagcc 1437 aaacagttag tgggatgaac aagaagaaga accaactaaa ggattgtgta attaatgtaa 1497 aactgtttta tcttatcaaa acaatgttat acaacat 1534 11 400 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 11 Met Gly His Gln Asn Ala Ala Val Ser Glu Asn Gln Asn His Asp Asp 1 5 10 15 Gly Ala Ala Ser Ser Pro Gly Phe Lys Leu Val Gly Phe Ser Lys Phe 20 25 30 Val Arg Lys Asn Pro Lys Ser Asp Lys Phe Lys Val Lys Arg Phe His 35 40 45 His Ile Glu Phe Trp Cys Gly Asp Ala Thr Asn Val Ala Arg Arg Phe 50 55 60 Ser Trp Gly Leu Gly Met Arg Phe Ser Ala Lys Ser Asp Leu Ser Thr 65 70 75 80 Gly Asn Met Val His Ala Ser Tyr Leu Leu Thr Ser Gly Asp Leu Arg 85 90 95 Phe Leu Phe Thr Ala Pro Tyr Ser Pro Ser Leu Ser Ala Gly Glu Ile 100 105 110 Lys Pro Thr Thr Thr Ala Ser Ile Pro Ser Phe Asp His Gly Ser Cys 115 120 125 Arg Ser Phe Phe Ser Ser His Gly Leu Gly Val Arg Ala Val Ala Ile 130 135 140 Glu Val Glu Asp Ala Glu Ser Ala Phe Ser Ile Ser Val Ala Asn Gly 145 150 155 160 Ala Ile Pro Ser Ser Pro Pro Ile Val Leu Asn Glu Ala Val Thr Ile 165 170 175 Ala Glu Val Lys Leu Tyr Gly Asp Val Val Leu Arg Tyr Val Ser Tyr 180 185 190 Lys Ala Glu Asp Thr Glu Lys Ser Glu Phe Leu Pro Gly Phe Glu Arg 195 200 205 Val Glu Asp Ala Ser Ser Phe Pro Leu Asp Tyr Gly Ile Arg Arg Leu 210 215 220 Asp His Ala Val Gly Asn Val Pro Glu Leu Gly Pro Ala Leu Thr Tyr 225 230 235 240 Val Ala Gly Phe Thr Gly Phe His Gln Phe Ala Glu Phe Thr Ala Asp 245 250 255 Asp Val Gly Thr Ala Glu Ser Gly Leu Asn Ser Ala Val Leu Ala Ser 260 265 270 Asn Asp Glu Met Val Leu Leu Pro Ile Asn Glu Pro Val His Gly Thr 275 280 285 Lys Arg Lys Ser Gln Ile Gln Thr Tyr Leu Glu His Asn Glu Gly Ala 290 295 300 Gly Leu Gln His Leu Ala Leu Met Ser Glu Asp Ile Phe Arg Thr Leu 305 310 315 320 Arg Glu Met Arg Lys Arg Ser Ser Ile Gly Gly Phe Asp Phe Met Pro 325 330 335 Ser Pro Pro Pro Thr Tyr Tyr Gln Asn Leu Lys Lys Arg Val Gly Asp 340 345 350 Val Leu Ser Asp Asp Gln Ile Lys Glu Cys Glu Glu Leu Gly Ile Leu 355 360 365 Val Asp Arg Asp Asp Gln Gly Thr Leu Leu Gln Ile Phe Thr Lys Pro 370 375 380 Leu Gly Asp Arg Tyr Ser Ser Phe Asn Gln Thr His Val Thr Val Pro 385 390 395 400 12 575 DNA Brassica napus misc_feature (1)..(6) restriction site 12 gtcgacgggc cgatgggggc gaagggtctt gctgcaccaa gagattttct tgcaccaacg 60 gcatggtttg aggaagggct acggcctgac tacactattg ttcagaagtt tggcggtgaa 120 ctctttactg ctaaacaaga tttctctccg ttcaatgtgg ttgcctggca tggcaattac 180 gtgccttata agtatgacct gcacaagttc tgtccataca acactgtcct tgtagaccat 240 ggagatccat ctgtaaatac agttctgaca gcaccaacgg ataaacctgg tgtggccttg 300 cttgattttg tcatattccc tcctcgttgg ttggttgctg agcatacctt tcgacctcct 360 tactaccatc gtaactgcat gagtgaattt atgggcctaa tctatggtgc ttacgaggcc 420 aaagctgatg gatttctacc tggtggcgca agtcttcaca gttgtatgac acctcatggt 480 ccagatacaa ccacatacga ggcgacgatt gctcgtgtaa atgcaatggc tccttataag 540 ctcacaggca ccatggcctt catgtttgag gtacc 575 13 932 DNA Synechocystis PCC6803 CDS (4)..(927) cDNA coding for homogentisate phytyltransferase 13 gcc atg gca act atc caa gct ttt tgg cgc ttc tcc cgc ccc cat acc 48 Met Ala Thr Ile Gln Ala Phe Trp Arg Phe Ser Arg Pro His Thr 1 5 10 15 atc att ggt aca act ctg agc gtc tgg gct gtg tat ctg tta act att 96 Ile Ile Gly Thr Thr Leu Ser Val Trp Ala Val Tyr Leu Leu Thr Ile 20 25 30 ctc ggg gat gga aac tca gtt aac tcc cct gct tcc ctg gat tta gtg 144 Leu Gly Asp Gly Asn Ser Val Asn Ser Pro Ala Ser Leu Asp Leu Val 35 40 45 ttc ggc gct tgg ctg gcc tgc ctg ttg ggt aat gtg tac att gtc ggc 192 Phe Gly Ala Trp Leu Ala Cys Leu Leu Gly Asn Val Tyr Ile Val Gly 50 55 60 ctc aac caa ttg tgg gat gtg gac att gac cgc atc aat aag ccg aat 240 Leu Asn Gln Leu Trp Asp Val Asp Ile Asp Arg Ile Asn Lys Pro Asn 65 70 75 ttg ccc cta gct aac gga gat ttt tct atc gcc cag ggc cgt tgg att 288 Leu Pro Leu Ala Asn Gly Asp Phe Ser Ile Ala Gln Gly Arg Trp Ile 80 85 90 95 gtg gga ctt tgt ggc gtt gct tcc ttg gcg atc gcc tgg gga tta ggg 336 Val Gly Leu Cys Gly Val Ala Ser Leu Ala Ile Ala Trp Gly Leu Gly 100 105 110 cta tgg ctg ggg cta acg gtg ggc att agt ttg att att ggc acg gcc 384 Leu Trp Leu Gly Leu Thr Val Gly Ile Ser Leu Ile Ile Gly Thr Ala 115 120 125 tat tcg gtg ccg cca gtg agg tta aag cgc ttt tcc ctg ctg gcg gcc 432 Tyr Ser Val Pro Pro Val Arg Leu Lys Arg Phe Ser Leu Leu Ala Ala 130 135 140 ctg tgt att ctg acg gtg cgg gga att gtg gtt aac ttg ggc tta ttt 480 Leu Cys Ile Leu Thr Val Arg Gly Ile Val Val Asn Leu Gly Leu Phe 145 150 155 tta ttt ttt aga att ggt tta ggt tat ccc ccc act tta ata acc ccc 528 Leu Phe Phe Arg Ile Gly Leu Gly Tyr Pro Pro Thr Leu Ile Thr Pro 160 165 170 175 atc tgg gtt ttg act tta ttt atc tta gtt ttc acc gtg gcg atc gcc 576 Ile Trp Val Leu Thr Leu Phe Ile Leu Val Phe Thr Val Ala Ile Ala 180 185 190 att ttt aaa gat gtg cca gat atg gaa ggc gat cgg caa ttt aag att 624 Ile Phe Lys Asp Val Pro Asp Met Glu Gly Asp Arg Gln Phe Lys Ile 195 200 205 caa act tta act ttg caa atc ggc aaa caa aac gtt ttt cgg gga acc 672 Gln Thr Leu Thr Leu Gln Ile Gly Lys Gln Asn Val Phe Arg Gly Thr 210 215 220 tta att tta ctc act ggt tgt tat tta gcc atg gca atc tgg ggc tta 720 Leu Ile Leu Leu Thr Gly Cys Tyr Leu Ala Met Ala Ile Trp Gly Leu 225 230 235 tgg gcg gct atg cct tta aat act gct ttc ttg att gtt tcc cat ttg 768 Trp Ala Ala Met Pro Leu Asn Thr Ala Phe Leu Ile Val Ser His Leu 240 245 250 255 tgc tta tta gcc tta ctc tgg tgg cgg agt cga gat gta cac tta gaa 816 Cys Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Trp Trp Arg Ser Arg Asp Val His Leu Glu 260 265 270 agc aaa acc gaa att gct agt ttt tat cag ttt att tgg aag cta ttt 864 Ser Lys Thr Glu Ile Ala Ser Phe Tyr Gln Phe Ile Trp Lys Leu Phe 275 280 285 ttc tta gag tac ttg ctg tat ccc ttg gct ctg tgg tta cct aat ttt 912 Phe Leu Glu Tyr Leu Leu Tyr Pro Leu Ala Leu Trp Leu Pro Asn Phe 290 295 300 tct aat act att ttt taggg 932 Ser Asn Thr Ile Phe 305 14 308 PRT Synechocystis PCC6803 14 Met Ala Thr Ile Gln Ala Phe Trp Arg Phe Ser Arg Pro His Thr Ile 1 5 10 15 Ile Gly Thr Thr Leu Ser Val Trp Ala Val Tyr Leu Leu Thr Ile Leu 20 25 30 Gly Asp Gly Asn Ser Val Asn Ser Pro Ala Ser Leu Asp Leu Val Phe 35 40 45 Gly Ala Trp Leu Ala Cys Leu Leu Gly Asn Val Tyr Ile Val Gly Leu 50 55 60 Asn Gln Leu Trp Asp Val Asp Ile Asp Arg Ile Asn Lys Pro Asn Leu 65 70 75 80 Pro Leu Ala Asn Gly Asp Phe Ser Ile Ala Gln Gly Arg Trp Ile Val 85 90 95 Gly Leu Cys Gly Val Ala Ser Leu Ala Ile Ala Trp Gly Leu Gly Leu 100 105 110 Trp Leu Gly Leu Thr Val Gly Ile Ser Leu Ile Ile Gly Thr Ala Tyr 115 120 125 Ser Val Pro Pro Val Arg Leu Lys Arg Phe Ser Leu Leu Ala Ala Leu 130 135 140 Cys Ile Leu Thr Val Arg Gly Ile Val Val Asn Leu Gly Leu Phe Leu 145 150 155 160 Phe Phe Arg Ile Gly Leu Gly Tyr Pro Pro Thr Leu Ile Thr Pro Ile 165 170 175 Trp Val Leu Thr Leu Phe Ile Leu Val Phe Thr Val Ala Ile Ala Ile 180 185 190 Phe Lys Asp Val Pro Asp Met Glu Gly Asp Arg Gln Phe Lys Ile Gln 195 200 205 Thr Leu Thr Leu Gln Ile Gly Lys Gln Asn Val Phe Arg Gly Thr Leu 210 215 220 Ile Leu Leu Thr Gly Cys Tyr Leu Ala Met Ala Ile Trp Gly Leu Trp 225 230 235 240 Ala Ala Met Pro Leu Asn Thr Ala Phe Leu Ile Val Ser His Leu Cys 245 250 255 Leu Leu Ala Leu Leu Trp Trp Arg Ser Arg Asp Val His Leu Glu Ser 260 265 270 Lys Thr Glu Ile Ala Ser Phe Tyr Gln Phe Ile Trp Lys Leu Phe Phe 275 280 285 Leu Glu Tyr Leu Leu Tyr Pro Leu Ala Leu Trp Leu Pro Asn Phe Ser 290 295 300 Asn Thr Ile Phe 305 15 1159 DNA Artificial sequence CDS (8)..(1150) misc_feature (1)..(6) restriction site 15 gtcgact atg act caa act act cat cat act cca gat act gct aga caa 49 Met Thr Gln Thr Thr His His Thr Pro Asp Thr Ala Arg Gln 1 5 10 gct gat cct ttt cca gtt aag gga atg gat gct gtt gtt ttc gct gtt 97 Ala Asp Pro Phe Pro Val Lys Gly Met Asp Ala Val Val Phe Ala Val 15 20 25 30 gga aac gct aag caa gct gct cat tac tac tct act gct ttc gga atg 145 Gly Asn Ala Lys Gln Ala Ala His Tyr Tyr Ser Thr Ala Phe Gly Met 35 40 45 caa ctt gtt gct tac tct gga cca gaa aac gga tct aga gaa act gct 193 Gln Leu Val Ala Tyr Ser Gly Pro Glu Asn Gly Ser Arg Glu Thr Ala 50 55 60 tct tac gtt ctt act aac gga tct gct aga ttc gtt ctt act tct gtt 241 Ser Tyr Val Leu Thr Asn Gly Ser Ala Arg Phe Val Leu Thr Ser Val 65 70 75 att aag cca gct acc cca tgg gga cat ttc ctt gct gat cac gtt gct 289 Ile Lys Pro Ala Thr Pro Trp Gly His Phe Leu Ala Asp His Val Ala 80 85 90 gaa cac gga gat gga gtt gtt gat ctt gct att gaa gtt cca gat gct 337 Glu His Gly Asp Gly Val Val Asp Leu Ala Ile Glu Val Pro Asp Ala 95 100 105 110 aga gct gct cat gct tac gct att gaa cat gga gct aga tct gtt gct 385 Arg Ala Ala His Ala Tyr Ala Ile Glu His Gly Ala Arg Ser Val Ala 115 120 125 gaa cca tac gaa ctt aag gat gaa cat gga act gtt gtt ctt gct gct 433 Glu Pro Tyr Glu Leu Lys Asp Glu His Gly Thr Val Val Leu Ala Ala 130 135 140 att gct act tac gga aag act aga cat act ctt gtt gat aga act gga 481 Ile Ala Thr Tyr Gly Lys Thr Arg His Thr Leu Val Asp Arg Thr Gly 145 150 155 tac gat gga cca tac ctt cca gga tac gtt gct gct gct cca att gtt 529 Tyr Asp Gly Pro Tyr Leu Pro Gly Tyr Val Ala Ala Ala Pro Ile Val 160 165 170 gaa cca cca gct cat aga acc ttc caa gct att gac cat tgt gtt ggt 577 Glu Pro Pro Ala His Arg Thr Phe Gln Ala Ile Asp His Cys Val Gly 175 180 185 190 aac gtt gaa ctc gga aga atg aac gaa tgg gtt gga ttc tac aac aag 625 Asn Val Glu Leu Gly Arg Met Asn Glu Trp Val Gly Phe Tyr Asn Lys 195 200 205 gtt atg gga ttc act aac atg aag gaa ttc gtt gga gat gat att gct 673 Val Met Gly Phe Thr Asn Met Lys Glu Phe Val Gly Asp Asp Ile Ala 210 215 220 act gag tac tct gct ctt atg tct aag gtt gtt gct gat gga act ctt 721 Thr Glu Tyr Ser Ala Leu Met Ser Lys Val Val Ala Asp Gly Thr Leu 225 230 235 aag gtt aaa ttc cca att aat gaa cca gct ctt gct aag aag aag tct 769 Lys Val Lys Phe Pro Ile Asn Glu Pro Ala Leu Ala Lys Lys Lys Ser 240 245 250 cag att gat gaa tac ctt gag ttc tac gga gga gct gga gtt caa cat 817 Gln Ile Asp Glu Tyr Leu Glu Phe Tyr Gly Gly Ala Gly Val Gln His 255 260 265 270 att gct ctt aac act gga gat atc gtg gaa act gtt aga act atg aga 865 Ile Ala Leu Asn Thr Gly Asp Ile Val Glu Thr Val Arg Thr Met Arg 275 280 285 gct gca gga gtt caa ttc ctt gat act cca gat tct tac tac gat act 913 Ala Ala Gly Val Gln Phe Leu Asp Thr Pro Asp Ser Tyr Tyr Asp Thr 290 295 300 ctt ggt gaa tgg gtt gga gat act aga gtt cca gtt gat act ctt aga 961 Leu Gly Glu Trp Val Gly Asp Thr Arg Val Pro Val Asp Thr Leu Arg 305 310 315 gaa ctt aag att ctt gct gat aga gat gaa gat gga tac ctt ctt caa 1009 Glu Leu Lys Ile Leu Ala Asp Arg Asp Glu Asp Gly Tyr Leu Leu Gln 320 325 330 atc ttc act aag cca gtt caa gat aga cca act gtg ttc ttc gaa atc 1057 Ile Phe Thr Lys Pro Val Gln Asp Arg Pro Thr Val Phe Phe Glu Ile 335 340 345 350 att gaa aga cat gga tct atg gga ttc gga aag ggt aac ttc aag gct 1105 Ile Glu Arg His Gly Ser Met Gly Phe Gly Lys Gly Asn Phe Lys Ala 355 360 365 ctt ttc gaa gct att gaa aga gaa caa gag aag aga gga aac ctt 1150 Leu Phe Glu Ala Ile Glu Arg Glu Gln Glu Lys Arg Gly Asn Leu 370 375 380 taggtcgac 1159 16 381 PRT Artificial sequence Description of the artificial sequence codon usage optimized cDNA coding for hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase from Streptomyces avermitilis 16 Met Thr Gln Thr Thr His His Thr Pro Asp Thr Ala Arg Gln Ala Asp 1 5 10 15 Pro Phe Pro Val Lys Gly Met Asp Ala Val Val Phe Ala Val Gly Asn 20 25 30 Ala Lys Gln Ala Ala His Tyr Tyr Ser Thr Ala Phe Gly Met Gln Leu 35 40 45 Val Ala Tyr Ser Gly Pro Glu Asn Gly Ser Arg Glu Thr Ala Ser Tyr 50 55 60 Val Leu Thr Asn Gly Ser Ala Arg Phe Val Leu Thr Ser Val Ile Lys 65 70 75 80 Pro Ala Thr Pro Trp Gly His Phe Leu Ala Asp His Val Ala Glu His 85 90 95 Gly Asp Gly Val Val Asp Leu Ala Ile Glu Val Pro Asp Ala Arg Ala 100 105 110 Ala His Ala Tyr Ala Ile Glu His Gly Ala Arg Ser Val Ala Glu Pro 115 120 125 Tyr Glu Leu Lys Asp Glu His Gly Thr Val Val Leu Ala Ala Ile Ala 130 135 140 Thr Tyr Gly Lys Thr Arg His Thr Leu Val Asp Arg Thr Gly Tyr Asp 145 150 155 160 Gly Pro Tyr Leu Pro Gly Tyr Val Ala Ala Ala Pro Ile Val Glu Pro 165 170 175 Pro Ala His Arg Thr Phe Gln Ala Ile Asp His Cys Val Gly Asn Val 180 185 190 Glu Leu Gly Arg Met Asn Glu Trp Val Gly Phe Tyr Asn Lys Val Met 195 200 205 Gly Phe Thr Asn Met Lys Glu Phe Val Gly Asp Asp Ile Ala Thr Glu 210 215 220 Tyr Ser Ala Leu Met Ser Lys Val Val Ala Asp Gly Thr Leu Lys Val 225 230 235 240 Lys Phe Pro Ile Asn Glu Pro Ala Leu Ala Lys Lys Lys Ser Gln Ile 245 250 255 Asp Glu Tyr Leu Glu Phe Tyr Gly Gly Ala Gly Val Gln His Ile Ala 260 265 270 Leu Asn Thr Gly Asp Ile Val Glu Thr Val Arg Thr Met Arg Ala Ala 275 280 285 Gly Val Gln Phe Leu Asp Thr Pro Asp Ser Tyr Tyr Asp Thr Leu Gly 290 295 300 Glu Trp Val Gly Asp Thr Arg Val Pro Val Asp Thr Leu Arg Glu Leu 305 310 315 320 Lys Ile Leu Ala Asp Arg Asp Glu Asp Gly Tyr Leu Leu Gln Ile Phe 325 330 335 Thr Lys Pro Val Gln Asp Arg Pro Thr Val Phe Phe Glu Ile Ile Glu 340 345 350 Arg His Gly Ser Met Gly Phe Gly Lys Gly Asn Phe Lys Ala Leu Phe 355 360 365 Glu Ala Ile Glu Arg Glu Gln Glu Lys Arg Gly Asn Leu 370 375 380 17 815 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana CDS (37)..(705) cDNA coding for maleylcetoacetate isomerase 17 gtaatctccg aagaagaaca aattccttgc tgaatc atg tct tat gtt acc gat 54 Met Ser Tyr Val Thr Asp 1 5 ttt tat cag gcg aag ttg aag ctc tac tct tac tgg aga agc tca tgt 102 Phe Tyr Gln Ala Lys Leu Lys Leu Tyr Ser Tyr Trp Arg Ser Ser Cys 10 15 20 gct cat cgc gtc cgt atc gcc ctc act tta aaa ggg ctt gat tat gaa 150 Ala His Arg Val Arg Ile Ala Leu Thr Leu Lys Gly Leu Asp Tyr Glu 25 30 35 tat ata ccg gtt aat ttg ctc aaa ggg gat caa tcc gat tca gat ttc 198 Tyr Ile Pro Val Asn Leu Leu Lys Gly Asp Gln Ser Asp Ser Asp Phe 40 45 50 aag aag atc aat cca atg ggc act gta cca gcg ctt gtt gat ggt gat 246 Lys Lys Ile Asn Pro Met Gly Thr Val Pro Ala Leu Val Asp Gly Asp 55 60 65 70 gtt gtg att aat gac tct ttc gca ata ata atg tac ctg gat gat aag 294 Val Val Ile Asn Asp Ser Phe Ala Ile Ile Met Tyr Leu Asp Asp Lys 75 80 85 tat ccg gag cca ccg ctg tta cca agt gac tac cat aaa cgg gcg gta 342 Tyr Pro Glu Pro Pro Leu Leu Pro Ser Asp Tyr His Lys Arg Ala Val 90 95 100 aat tac cag gcg acg agt att gtc atg tct ggt ata cag cct cat caa 390 Asn Tyr Gln Ala Thr Ser Ile Val Met Ser Gly Ile Gln Pro His Gln 105 110 115 aat atg gct ctt ttt agg tat ctc gag gac aag ata aat gct gag gag 438 Asn Met Ala Leu Phe Arg Tyr Leu Glu Asp Lys Ile Asn Ala Glu Glu 120 125 130 aaa act gct tgg att act aat gct atc aca aaa gga ttc aca gct ctc 486 Lys Thr Ala Trp Ile Thr Asn Ala Ile Thr Lys Gly Phe Thr Ala Leu 135 140 145 150 gag aaa ctg ttg gtg agt tgc gct gga aaa tac gcg act ggt gat gaa 534 Glu Lys Leu Leu Val Ser Cys Ala Gly Lys Tyr Ala Thr Gly Asp Glu 155 160 165 gtt tac ttg gct gat ctt ttc cta gca cca cag atc cac gca gca ttc 582 Val Tyr Leu Ala Asp Leu Phe Leu Ala Pro Gln Ile His Ala Ala Phe 170 175 180 aac aga ttc cat att aac atg gaa cca ttc ccg act ctt gca agg ttt 630 Asn Arg Phe His Ile Asn Met Glu Pro Phe Pro Thr Leu Ala Arg Phe 185 190 195 tac gag tca tac aac gaa ctg cct gca ttt caa aat gca gtc ccg gag 678 Tyr Glu Ser Tyr Asn Glu Leu Pro Ala Phe Gln Asn Ala Val Pro Glu 200 205 210 aag caa cca gat act cct tcc acc atc tgattctgtg aaccgtaagc 725 Lys Gln Pro Asp Thr Pro Ser Thr Ile 215 220 ttctctcagt ctcagctcaa taaaatctct taggaaacaa caacaacacc ttgaacttaa 785 atgtatcata tgaaccagtt tacaaataat 815 18 223 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 18 Met Ser Tyr Val Thr Asp Phe Tyr Gln Ala Lys Leu Lys Leu Tyr Ser 1 5 10 15 Tyr Trp Arg Ser Ser Cys Ala His Arg Val Arg Ile Ala Leu Thr Leu 20 25 30 Lys Gly Leu Asp Tyr Glu Tyr Ile Pro Val Asn Leu Leu Lys Gly Asp 35 40 45 Gln Ser Asp Ser Asp Phe Lys Lys Ile Asn Pro Met Gly Thr Val Pro 50 55 60 Ala Leu Val Asp Gly Asp Val Val Ile Asn Asp Ser Phe Ala Ile Ile 65 70 75 80 Met Tyr Leu Asp Asp Lys Tyr Pro Glu Pro Pro Leu Leu Pro Ser Asp 85 90 95 Tyr His Lys Arg Ala Val Asn Tyr Gln Ala Thr Ser Ile Val Met Ser 100 105 110 Gly Ile Gln Pro His Gln Asn Met Ala Leu Phe Arg Tyr Leu Glu Asp 115 120 125 Lys Ile Asn Ala Glu Glu Lys Thr Ala Trp Ile Thr Asn Ala Ile Thr 130 135 140 Lys Gly Phe Thr Ala Leu Glu Lys Leu Leu Val Ser Cys Ala Gly Lys 145 150 155 160 Tyr Ala Thr Gly Asp Glu Val Tyr Leu Ala Asp Leu Phe Leu Ala Pro 165 170 175 Gln Ile His Ala Ala Phe Asn Arg Phe His Ile Asn Met Glu Pro Phe 180 185 190 Pro Thr Leu Ala Arg Phe Tyr Glu Ser Tyr Asn Glu Leu Pro Ala Phe 195 200 205 Gln Asn Ala Val Pro Glu Lys Gln Pro Asp Thr Pro Ser Thr Ile 210 215 220 19 1350 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana CDS (63)..(1106) coding for gamma-tocopherol methyltransferase 19 ccacgcgtcc gcaaataatc cctgacttcg tcacgtttct ttgtatctcc aacgtccaat 60 aa atg aaa gca act cta gca gca ccc tct tct ctc aca agc ctc cct 107 Met Lys Ala Thr Leu Ala Ala Pro Ser Ser Leu Thr Ser Leu Pro 1 5 10 15 tat cga acc aac tct tct ttc ggc tca aag tca tcg ctt ctc ttt cgg 155 Tyr Arg Thr Asn Ser Ser Phe Gly Ser Lys Ser Ser Leu Leu Phe Arg 20 25 30 tct cca tcc tcc tcc tcc tca gtc tct atg acg aca acg cgt gga aac 203 Ser Pro Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Val Ser Met Thr Thr Thr Arg Gly Asn 35 40 45 gtg gct gtg gcg gct gct gct aca tcc act gag gcg cta aga aaa gga 251 Val Ala Val Ala Ala Ala Ala Thr Ser Thr Glu Ala Leu Arg Lys Gly 50 55 60 ata gcg gag ttc tac aat gaa act tcg ggt ttg tgg gaa gag att tgg 299 Ile Ala Glu Phe Tyr Asn Glu Thr Ser Gly Leu Trp Glu Glu Ile Trp 65 70 75 gga gat cat atg cat cat ggc ttt tat gac cct gat tct tct gtt caa 347 Gly Asp His Met His His Gly Phe Tyr Asp Pro Asp Ser Ser Val Gln 80 85 90 95 ctt tct gat tct ggt cac aag gaa gct cag atc cgt atg att gaa gag 395 Leu Ser Asp Ser Gly His Lys Glu Ala Gln Ile Arg Met Ile Glu Glu 100 105 110 tct ctc cgt ttc gcc ggt gtt act gat gaa gag gag gag aaa aag ata 443 Ser Leu Arg Phe Ala Gly Val Thr Asp Glu Glu Glu Glu Lys Lys Ile 115 120 125 aag aaa gta gtg gat gtt ggg tgt ggg att gga gga agc tca aga tat 491 Lys Lys Val Val Asp Val Gly Cys Gly Ile Gly Gly Ser Ser Arg Tyr 130 135 140 ctt gcc tct aaa ttt gga gct gaa tgc att ggc att act ctc agc cct 539 Leu Ala Ser Lys Phe Gly Ala Glu Cys Ile Gly Ile Thr Leu Ser Pro 145 150 155 gtt cag gcc aag aga gcc aat gat ctc gcg gct gct caa tca ctc tct 587 Val Gln Ala Lys Arg Ala Asn Asp Leu Ala Ala Ala Gln Ser Leu Ser 160 165 170 175 cat aag gct tcc ttc caa gtt gcg gat gcg ttg gat cag cca ttc gaa 635 His Lys Ala Ser Phe Gln Val Ala Asp Ala Leu Asp Gln Pro Phe Glu 180 185 190 gat gga aaa ttc gat cta gtg tgg tcg atg gag agt ggt gag cat atg 683 Asp Gly Lys Phe Asp Leu Val Trp Ser Met Glu Ser Gly Glu His Met 195 200 205 cct gac aag gcc aag ttt gta aaa gag ttg gta cgt gtg gcg gct cca 731 Pro Asp Lys Ala Lys Phe Val Lys Glu Leu Val Arg Val Ala Ala Pro 210 215 220 gga ggt agg ata ata ata gtg aca tgg tgc cat aga aat cta tct gcg 779 Gly Gly Arg Ile Ile Ile Val Thr Trp Cys His Arg Asn Leu Ser Ala 225 230 235 ggg gag gaa gct ttg cag ccg tgg gag caa aac atc ttg gac aaa atc 827 Gly Glu Glu Ala Leu Gln Pro Trp Glu Gln Asn Ile Leu Asp Lys Ile 240 245 250 255 tgt aag acg ttc tat ctc ccg gct tgg tgc tcc acc gat gat tat gtc 875 Cys Lys Thr Phe Tyr Leu Pro Ala Trp Cys Ser Thr Asp Asp Tyr Val 260 265 270 aac ttg ctt caa tcc cat tct ctc cag gat att aag tgt gcg gat tgg 923 Asn Leu Leu Gln Ser His Ser Leu Gln Asp Ile Lys Cys Ala Asp Trp 275 280 285 tca gag aac gta gct cct ttc tgg cct gcg gtt ata cgg act gca tta 971 Ser Glu Asn Val Ala Pro Phe Trp Pro Ala Val Ile Arg Thr Ala Leu 290 295 300 aca tgg aag ggc ctt gtg tct ctg ctt cgt agt ggt atg aaa agt att 1019 Thr Trp Lys Gly Leu Val Ser Leu Leu Arg Ser Gly Met Lys Ser Ile 305 310 315 aaa gga gca ttg aca atg cca ttg atg att gaa ggt tac aag aaa ggt 1067 Lys Gly Ala Leu Thr Met Pro Leu Met Ile Glu Gly Tyr Lys Lys Gly 320 325 330 335 gtc att aag ttt ggt atc atc act tgc cag aag cca ctc taagtctaaa 1116 Val Ile Lys Phe Gly Ile Ile Thr Cys Gln Lys Pro Leu 340 345 gctatactag gagattcaat aagactataa gagtagtgtc tcatgtgaaa gcatgaaatt 1176 ccttaaaaac gtcaatgtta agcctatgct tcgttatttg ttttagataa gtatcatttc 1236 actcttgtct aaggtagttt ctataaacaa taaataccat gaattagctc atgttatctg 1296 gtaaattctc ggaagtgatt gtcatggatt aactcaaaaa aaaaaaaaaa aaaa 1350 20 348 PRT Arabidopsis thaliana 20 Met Lys Ala Thr Leu Ala Ala Pro Ser Ser Leu Thr Ser Leu Pro Tyr 1 5 10 15 Arg Thr Asn Ser Ser Phe Gly Ser Lys Ser Ser Leu Leu Phe Arg Ser 20 25 30 Pro Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Val Ser Met Thr Thr Thr Arg Gly Asn Val 35 40 45 Ala Val Ala Ala Ala Ala Thr Ser Thr Glu Ala Leu Arg Lys Gly Ile 50 55 60 Ala Glu Phe Tyr Asn Glu Thr Ser Gly Leu Trp Glu Glu Ile Trp Gly 65 70 75 80 Asp His Met His His Gly Phe Tyr Asp Pro Asp Ser Ser Val Gln Leu 85 90 95 Ser Asp Ser Gly His Lys Glu Ala Gln Ile Arg Met Ile Glu Glu Ser 100 105 110 Leu Arg Phe Ala Gly Val Thr Asp Glu Glu Glu Glu Lys Lys Ile Lys 115 120 125 Lys Val Val Asp Val Gly Cys Gly Ile Gly Gly Ser Ser Arg Tyr Leu 130 135 140 Ala Ser Lys Phe Gly Ala Glu Cys Ile Gly Ile Thr Leu Ser Pro Val 145 150 155 160 Gln Ala Lys Arg Ala Asn Asp Leu Ala Ala Ala Gln Ser Leu Ser His 165 170 175 Lys Ala Ser Phe Gln Val Ala Asp Ala Leu Asp Gln Pro Phe Glu Asp 180 185 190 Gly Lys Phe Asp Leu Val Trp Ser Met Glu Ser Gly Glu His Met Pro 195 200 205 Asp Lys Ala Lys Phe Val Lys Glu Leu Val Arg Val Ala Ala Pro Gly 210 215 220 Gly Arg Ile Ile Ile Val Thr Trp Cys His Arg Asn Leu Ser Ala Gly 225 230 235 240 Glu Glu Ala Leu Gln Pro Trp Glu Gln Asn Ile Leu Asp Lys Ile Cys 245 250 255 Lys Thr Phe Tyr Leu Pro Ala Trp Cys Ser Thr Asp Asp Tyr Val Asn 260 265 270 Leu Leu Gln Ser His Ser Leu Gln Asp Ile Lys Cys Ala Asp Trp Ser 275 280 285 Glu Asn Val Ala Pro Phe Trp Pro Ala Val Ile Arg Thr Ala Leu Thr 290 295 300 Trp Lys Gly Leu Val Ser Leu Leu Arg Ser Gly Met Lys Ser Ile Lys 305 310 315 320 Gly Ala Leu Thr Met Pro Leu Met Ile Glu Gly Tyr Lys Lys Gly Val 325 330 335 Ile Lys Phe Gly Ile Ile Thr Cys Gln Lys Pro Leu 340 345 21 957 DNA Synechocystis PCC6803 CDS (1)..(954) cDNA coding for 2-methyl-6-phytylhydrochinone methyltransferase 21 atg ccc gag tat ttg ctt ctg ccc gct ggc cta att tcc ctc tcc ctg 48 Met Pro Glu Tyr Leu Leu Leu Pro Ala Gly Leu Ile Ser Leu Ser Leu 1 5 10 15 gcg atc gcc gct gga ctg tat ctc cta act gcc cgg ggc tat cag tca 96 Ala Ile Ala Ala Gly Leu Tyr Leu Leu Thr Ala Arg Gly Tyr Gln Ser 20 25 30 tcg gat tcc gtg gcc aac gcc tac gac caa tgg aca gag gac ggc att 144 Ser Asp Ser Val Ala Asn Ala Tyr Asp Gln Trp Thr Glu Asp Gly Ile 35 40 45 ttg gaa tat tac tgg ggc gac cat atc cac ctc ggc cat tat ggc gat 192 Leu Glu Tyr Tyr Trp Gly Asp His Ile His Leu Gly His Tyr Gly Asp 50 55 60 ccg cca gtg gcc aag gat ttc atc caa tcg aaa att gat ttt gtc cat 240 Pro Pro Val Ala Lys Asp Phe Ile Gln Ser Lys Ile Asp Phe Val His 65 70 75 80 gcc atg gcc cag tgg ggc gga tta gat aca ctt ccc ccc ggc aca acg 288 Ala Met Ala Gln Trp Gly Gly Leu Asp Thr Leu Pro Pro Gly Thr Thr 85 90 95 gta ttg gat gtg ggt tgc ggc att ggc ggt agc agt cgc att ctc gcc 336 Val Leu Asp Val Gly Cys Gly Ile Gly Gly Ser Ser Arg Ile Leu Ala 100 105 110 aaa gat tat ggt ttt aac gtt acc ggc atc acc att agt ccc caa cag 384 Lys Asp Tyr Gly Phe Asn Val Thr Gly Ile Thr Ile Ser Pro Gln Gln 115 120 125 gtg aaa cgg gcg acg gaa tta act cct ccc gat gtg acg gcc aag ttt 432 Val Lys Arg Ala Thr Glu Leu Thr Pro Pro Asp Val Thr Ala Lys Phe 130 135 140 gcg gtg gac gat gct atg gct ttg tct ttt cct gac ggt agt ttc gac 480 Ala Val Asp Asp Ala Met Ala Leu Ser Phe Pro Asp Gly Ser Phe Asp 145 150 155 160 gta gtt tgg tcg gtg gaa gca ggg ccc cac atg cct gac aaa gct gtg 528 Val Val Trp Ser Val Glu Ala Gly Pro His Met Pro Asp Lys Ala Val 165 170 175 ttt gcc aag gaa tta ctg cgg gtc gtg aaa cca ggg ggc att ctg gtg 576 Phe Ala Lys Glu Leu Leu Arg Val Val Lys Pro Gly Gly Ile Leu Val 180 185 190 gtg gcg gat tgg aat caa cgg gac gat cgc caa gtg ccc ctc aac ttc 624 Val Ala Asp Trp Asn Gln Arg Asp Asp Arg Gln Val Pro Leu Asn Phe 195 200 205 tgg gaa aaa cca gtg atg cga caa ctg ttg gat caa tgg tcc cac cct 672 Trp Glu Lys Pro Val Met Arg Gln Leu Leu Asp Gln Trp Ser His Pro 210 215 220 gcc ttt gcc agc att gaa ggt ttt gcg gaa aat ttg gaa gcc acg ggt 720 Ala Phe Ala Ser Ile Glu Gly Phe Ala Glu Asn Leu Glu Ala Thr Gly 225 230 235 240 ttg gtg gag ggc cag gtg act act gct gat tgg act gta ccg acc ctc 768 Leu Val Glu Gly Gln Val Thr Thr Ala Asp Trp Thr Val Pro Thr Leu 245 250 255 ccc gct tgg ttg gat acc att tgg cag ggc att atc cgg ccc cag ggc 816 Pro Ala Trp Leu Asp Thr Ile Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile Arg Pro Gln Gly 260 265 270 tgg tta caa tac ggc att cgt ggg ttt atc aaa tcc gtg cgg gaa gta 864 Trp Leu Gln Tyr Gly Ile Arg Gly Phe Ile Lys Ser Val Arg Glu Val 275 280 285 ccg act att tta ttg atg cgc ctt gcc ttt ggg gta gga ctt tgt cgc 912 Pro Thr Ile Leu Leu Met Arg Leu Ala Phe Gly Val Gly Leu Cys Arg 290 295 300 ttc ggt atg ttc aaa gca gtg cga aaa aac gcc act caa gct taa 957 Phe Gly Met Phe Lys Ala Val Arg Lys Asn Ala Thr Gln Ala 305 310 315 22 318 PRT Synechocystis PCC6803 22 Met Pro Glu Tyr Leu Leu Leu Pro Ala Gly Leu Ile Ser Leu Ser Leu 1 5 10 15 Ala Ile Ala Ala Gly Leu Tyr Leu Leu Thr Ala Arg Gly Tyr Gln Ser 20 25 30 Ser Asp Ser Val Ala Asn Ala Tyr Asp Gln Trp Thr Glu Asp Gly Ile 35 40 45 Leu Glu Tyr Tyr Trp Gly Asp His Ile His Leu Gly His Tyr Gly Asp 50 55 60 Pro Pro Val Ala Lys Asp Phe Ile Gln Ser Lys Ile Asp Phe Val His 65 70 75 80 Ala Met Ala Gln Trp Gly Gly Leu Asp Thr Leu Pro Pro Gly Thr Thr 85 90 95 Val Leu Asp Val Gly Cys Gly Ile Gly Gly Ser Ser Arg Ile Leu Ala 100 105 110 Lys Asp Tyr Gly Phe Asn Val Thr Gly Ile Thr Ile Ser Pro Gln Gln 115 120 125 Val Lys Arg Ala Thr Glu Leu Thr Pro Pro Asp Val Thr Ala Lys Phe 130 135 140 Ala Val Asp Asp Ala Met Ala Leu Ser Phe Pro Asp Gly Ser Phe Asp 145 150 155 160 Val Val Trp Ser Val Glu Ala Gly Pro His Met Pro Asp Lys Ala Val 165 170 175 Phe Ala Lys Glu Leu Leu Arg Val Val Lys Pro Gly Gly Ile Leu Val 180 185 190 Val Ala Asp Trp Asn Gln Arg Asp Asp Arg Gln Val Pro Leu Asn Phe 195 200 205 Trp Glu Lys Pro Val Met Arg Gln Leu Leu Asp Gln Trp Ser His Pro 210 215 220 Ala Phe Ala Ser Ile Glu Gly Phe Ala Glu Asn Leu Glu Ala Thr Gly 225 230 235 240 Leu Val Glu Gly Gln Val Thr Thr Ala Asp Trp Thr Val Pro Thr Leu 245 250 255 Pro Ala Trp Leu Asp Thr Ile Trp Gln Gly Ile Ile Arg Pro Gln Gly 260 265 270 Trp Leu Gln Tyr Gly Ile Arg Gly Phe Ile Lys Ser Val Arg Glu Val 275 280 285 Pro Thr Ile Leu Leu Met Arg Leu Ala Phe Gly Val Gly Leu Cys Arg 290 295 300 Phe Gly Met Phe Lys Ala Val Arg Lys Asn Ala Thr Gln Ala 305 310 315 23 1395 DNA Nicotiana tabacum CDS (1)..(1392) cDNA coding for geranylgeranylpyrophosphate oxidoreductase 23 atg gct tcc att gct ctc aaa act ttc acc ggc ctc cgt caa tcc tcg 48 Met Ala Ser Ile Ala Leu Lys Thr Phe Thr Gly Leu Arg Gln Ser Ser 1 5 10 15 ccg gaa aac aat tcc att act ctt tct aaa tcc ctc ccc ttc acc caa 96 Pro Glu Asn Asn Ser Ile Thr Leu Ser Lys Ser Leu Pro Phe Thr Gln 20 25 30 acc cac cgt agg ctc cga atc aat gct tcc aaa tcc agc cca aga gtc 144 Thr His Arg Arg Leu Arg Ile Asn Ala Ser Lys Ser Ser Pro Arg Val 35 40 45 aac ggc cgc aat ctt cgt gtt gcg gtg gtg ggc ggt ggt cct gct ggt 192 Asn Gly Arg Asn Leu Arg Val Ala Val Val Gly Gly Gly Pro Ala Gly 50 55 60 ggc gcc gcc gct gaa aca ctc gcc aag gga gga att gaa acc ttc tta 240 Gly Ala Ala Ala Glu Thr Leu Ala Lys Gly Gly Ile Glu Thr Phe Leu 65 70 75 80 atc gaa cgc aaa atg gac aac tgc aaa ccc tgc ggt ggg gcc atc cca 288 Ile Glu Arg Lys Met Asp Asn Cys Lys Pro Cys Gly Gly Ala Ile Pro 85 90 95 ctt tgc atg gtg gga gaa ttt gac ctc cct ttg gat atc att gac cgg 336 Leu Cys Met Val Gly Glu Phe Asp Leu Pro Leu Asp Ile Ile Asp Arg 100 105 110 aaa gtt aca aag atg aag atg att tcc cca tcc aac gtt gct gtt gat 384 Lys Val Thr Lys Met Lys Met Ile Ser Pro Ser Asn Val Ala Val Asp 115 120 125 att ggt cag act tta aag cct cac gag tac atc ggt atg gtg cgc cgc 432 Ile Gly Gln Thr Leu Lys Pro His Glu Tyr Ile Gly Met Val Arg Arg 130 135 140 gaa gta ctc gat gct tac ctc cgt gac cgc gct gct gaa gcc gga gcc 480 Glu Val Leu Asp Ala Tyr Leu Arg Asp Arg Ala Ala Glu Ala Gly Ala 145 150 155 160 tct gtt ctc aac ggc ttg ttc ctc aaa atg gac atg ccc aaa gct ccc 528 Ser Val Leu Asn Gly Leu Phe Leu Lys Met Asp Met Pro Lys Ala Pro 165 170 175 aac gca cct tac gtc ctt cac tac aca gct tac gac tcc aaa act aat 576 Asn Ala Pro Tyr Val Leu His Tyr Thr Ala Tyr Asp Ser Lys Thr Asn 180 185 190 ggc gcg ggg gag aag cgt acc ctg gaa gtt gac gcc gtt atc ggc gct 624 Gly Ala Gly Glu Lys Arg Thr Leu Glu Val Asp Ala Val Ile Gly Ala 195 200 205 gac ggt gca aat tcc cgt gtc gca aaa tcc ata aac gcc ggt gac tac 672 Asp Gly Ala Asn Ser Arg Val Ala Lys Ser Ile Asn Ala Gly Asp Tyr 210 215 220 gag tac gct att gca ttc caa gaa agg att aaa att tcc gat gat aaa 720 Glu Tyr Ala Ile Ala Phe Gln Glu Arg Ile Lys Ile Ser Asp Asp Lys 225 230 235 240 atg aag tat tac gag aat tta gct gaa atg tac gtg ggt gat gac gtg 768 Met Lys Tyr Tyr Glu Asn Leu Ala Glu Met Tyr Val Gly Asp Asp Val 245 250 255 tcc cct gat ttt tac ggg tgg gtt ttc ccc aaa tgt gac cac gtt gcc 816 Ser Pro Asp Phe Tyr Gly Trp Val Phe Pro Lys Cys Asp His Val Ala 260 265 270 gtt ggc act ggc aca gtc acc cac aaa gct gac atc aaa aaa ttc cag 864 Val Gly Thr Gly Thr Val Thr His Lys Ala Asp Ile Lys Lys Phe Gln 275 280 285 cta gct aca aga ttg aga gct gat tcc aaa atc acc ggc gga aaa att 912 Leu Ala Thr Arg Leu Arg Ala Asp Ser Lys Ile Thr Gly Gly Lys Ile 290 295 300 atc cgg gtc gag gcc cac ccg att cca gaa cac cca aga ccc aga aga 960 Ile Arg Val Glu Ala His Pro Ile Pro Glu His Pro Arg Pro Arg Arg 305 310 315 320 tta caa gac aga gtt gca ttg gtt ggt gat gcg gca ggg tac gtg acc 1008 Leu Gln Asp Arg Val Ala Leu Val Gly Asp Ala Ala Gly Tyr Val Thr 325 330 335 aaa tgt tcg ggc gaa ggg att tac ttc gcg gca aag agt gga cgt atg 1056 Lys Cys Ser Gly Glu Gly Ile Tyr Phe Ala Ala Lys Ser Gly Arg Met 340 345 350 tgt gct gaa gca att gtt gaa ggg tca gaa atg gga aaa aga atg gtg 1104 Cys Ala Glu Ala Ile Val Glu Gly Ser Glu Met Gly Lys Arg Met Val 355 360 365 gac gag agt gat ttg agg aag tat ttg gag aaa tgg gac aag act tat 1152 Asp Glu Ser Asp Leu Arg Lys Tyr Leu Glu Lys Trp Asp Lys Thr Tyr 370 375 380 tgg cca acg tac aag gtg ctt gat ata ttg cag aag gta ttt tac agg 1200 Trp Pro Thr Tyr Lys Val Leu Asp Ile Leu Gln Lys Val Phe Tyr Arg 385 390 395 400 tcg aat ccg gcg agg gaa gca ttt gtt gaa atg tgc gca gat gag tat 1248 Ser Asn Pro Ala Arg Glu Ala Phe Val Glu Met Cys Ala Asp Glu Tyr 405 410 415 gtg cag aag atg aca ttt gac agc tat ttg tac aag aaa gta gca cca 1296 Val Gln Lys Met Thr Phe Asp Ser Tyr Leu Tyr Lys Lys Val Ala Pro 420 425 430 gga aac cca att gaa gac ttg aag ctt gct gtg aat acc att gga agt 1344 Gly Asn Pro Ile Glu Asp Leu Lys Leu Ala Val Asn Thr Ile Gly Ser 435 440 445 ttg gtg aga gct aat gca cta aga agg gaa atg gac aag ctc agt gta 1392 Leu Val Arg Ala Asn Ala Leu Arg Arg Glu Met Asp Lys Leu Ser Val 450 455 460 taa 1395 24 464 PRT Nicotiana tabacum 24 Met Ala Ser Ile Ala Leu Lys Thr Phe Thr Gly Leu Arg Gln Ser Ser 1 5 10 15 Pro Glu Asn Asn Ser Ile Thr Leu Ser Lys Ser Leu Pro Phe Thr Gln 20 25 30 Thr His Arg Arg Leu Arg Ile Asn Ala Ser Lys Ser Ser Pro Arg Val 35 40 45 Asn Gly Arg Asn Leu Arg Val Ala Val Val Gly Gly Gly Pro Ala Gly 50 55 60 Gly Ala Ala Ala Glu Thr Leu Ala Lys Gly Gly Ile Glu Thr Phe Leu 65 70 75 80 Ile Glu Arg Lys Met Asp Asn Cys Lys Pro Cys Gly Gly Ala Ile Pro 85 90 95 Leu Cys Met Val Gly Glu Phe Asp Leu Pro Leu Asp Ile Ile Asp Arg 100 105 110 Lys Val Thr Lys Met Lys Met Ile Ser Pro Ser Asn Val Ala Val Asp 115 120 125 Ile Gly Gln Thr Leu Lys Pro His Glu Tyr Ile Gly Met Val Arg Arg 130 135 140 Glu Val Leu Asp Ala Tyr Leu Arg Asp Arg Ala Ala Glu Ala Gly Ala 145 150 155 160 Ser Val Leu Asn Gly Leu Phe Leu Lys Met Asp Met Pro Lys Ala Pro 165 170 175 Asn Ala Pro Tyr Val Leu His Tyr Thr Ala Tyr Asp Ser Lys Thr Asn 180 185 190 Gly Ala Gly Glu Lys Arg Thr Leu Glu Val Asp Ala Val Ile Gly Ala 195 200 205 Asp Gly Ala Asn Ser Arg Val Ala Lys Ser Ile Asn Ala Gly Asp Tyr 210 215 220 Glu Tyr Ala Ile Ala Phe Gln Glu Arg Ile Lys Ile Ser Asp Asp Lys 225 230 235 240 Met Lys Tyr Tyr Glu Asn Leu Ala Glu Met Tyr Val Gly Asp Asp Val 245 250 255 Ser Pro Asp Phe Tyr Gly Trp Val Phe Pro Lys Cys Asp His Val Ala 260 265 270 Val Gly Thr Gly Thr Val Thr His Lys Ala Asp Ile Lys Lys Phe Gln 275 280 285 Leu Ala Thr Arg Leu Arg Ala Asp Ser Lys Ile Thr Gly Gly Lys Ile 290 295 300 Ile Arg Val Glu Ala His Pro Ile Pro Glu His Pro Arg Pro Arg Arg 305 310 315 320 Leu Gln Asp Arg Val Ala Leu Val Gly Asp Ala Ala Gly Tyr Val Thr 325 330 335 Lys Cys Ser Gly Glu Gly Ile Tyr Phe Ala Ala Lys Ser Gly Arg Met 340 345 350 Cys Ala Glu Ala Ile Val Glu Gly Ser Glu Met Gly Lys Arg Met Val 355 360 365 Asp Glu Ser Asp Leu Arg Lys Tyr Leu Glu Lys Trp Asp Lys Thr Tyr 370 375 380 Trp Pro Thr Tyr Lys Val Leu Asp Ile Leu Gln Lys Val Phe Tyr Arg 385 390 395 400 Ser Asn Pro Ala Arg Glu Ala Phe Val Glu Met Cys Ala Asp Glu Tyr 405 410 415 Val Gln Lys Met Thr Phe Asp Ser Tyr Leu Tyr Lys Lys Val Ala Pro 420 425 430 Gly Asn Pro Ile Glu Asp Leu Lys Leu Ala Val Asn Thr Ile Gly Ser 435 440 445 Leu Val Arg Ala Asn Ala Leu Arg Arg Glu Met Asp Lys Leu Ser Val 450 455 460 25 26 DNA oligonucleotide misc_feature (9) A, T, G or C 25 gtcgacggnc cnatnggngc naangg 26 26 24 DNA oligonucleotide 26 aagcttccga tctagtaaca taga 24 27 32 DNA oligonucleotide 27 attctagaca tggagtcaaa gattcaaata ga 32 28 32 DNA oligonucleotide 28 attctagagg acaatcagta aattgaacgg ag 32 29 26 DNA oligonucleotide 29 atgtcgacat gtcttatgtt accgat 26 30 25 DNA oligonucleotide 30 atggatccct ggttcatatg ataca 25 31 26 DNA oligonucleotide 31 atgtcgacgg aaactctgaa ccatat 26 32 25 DNA oligonucleotide 32 atggtaccga atgtgatgcc taagt 25 33 29 DNA oligonucleotide misc_feature (18) A, T, G or C 33 ggtacctcra acatraangc catngtncc 29 34 25 DNA oligonucleotide 34 gaattcgatc tgtcgtctca aactc 25 35 26 DNA oligonucleotide 35 ggtaccgtga tagtaaacaa ctaatg 26 36 34 DNA oligonucleotide 36 atggtacctt ttttgcataa acttatcttc atag 34 37 43 DNA oligonucleotide 37 atgtcgaccc gggatccagg gccctgatgg gtcccatttt ccc 43 38 25 DNA oligonucleotide 38 gtcgacgaat ttccccgaat cgttc 25 39 24 DNA oligonucleotide 39 aagcttccga tctagtaaca taga 24 40 25 DNA oligonucleotide 40 aagcttgatc tgtcgtctca aactc 25 41 1721 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana misc_feature (1)..(8) restriction site linker 41 atgtcgacat gtcttatgtt accgattttt atcaggcgaa gttgaagctc tactcttact 60 ggagaagctc atgtgctcat cgcgtccgta tcgccctcac tttaaaaggt accagccaat 120 gattttattc ttttcttgtg agcaattctt tgatctgaat ttggttcttg ttcgattttc 180 attagggctt gattatgaat atataccggt taatttgctc aaaggggatc aatccgattc 240 aggtgcgtag tttctaggtt atattgaact ttatttgaag taacattgta aagataagaa 300 tggtaagtaa ctgagatttc ttatgttaga cttagaagtt tattcgtttt ggttctctag 360 atttcaagaa gatcaatcca atgggcactg taccagcgct tgttgatggt gatgttgtga 420 ttaatgactc tttcgcaata ataatggtca gtagtaacac atccatttag tttgtttggt 480 tttgttgatg aaaaggaaca ttcgtttatt cgtcttgttg tttttcaaat ggacagtacc 540 tggatgataa gtatccggag ccaccgctgt taccaagtga ctaccataaa cgggcggtaa 600 attaccaggt atcttcgatc ctttgtcttc agatgatgat gtgttgccat catctgcaaa 660 accatgtagt taagtccaaa tgtagtgaac attatcagct ttagattgcg agtgtgatcg 720 ttgttcttat tttgtatatt tcaggcgacg agtattgtca tgtctggtat acagcctcat 780 caaaatatgg ctctttttgt gagaagatga gattaatgta atggattcta ctaatggagg 840 ttctataaca aagcaaacat agttacattt tgtcattttt tttaacagag gtatctcgag 900 gacaagataa atgctgagga gaaaactgct tggattacta atgctatcac aaaaggattc 960 acaggtatga tatctctaat ctacctatac gtaatcaaga accaagacat atgttcaaaa 1020 tgtgattttg ttgatattgt ggttgtacag gtttataacg acctgtctga taatgtctca 1080 tatgtccttc agctctcgag aaactgttgg tgagttgcgc tggaaaatac gcgactggtg 1140 atgaagttta cttggtatgt ctctaaatct ccctggataa tctctatggt actactctct 1200 tctttattac aatgaagcat tgttttgcag gctgatcttt tcctagcacc acagatccac 1260 gcagcattca acagattcca tattaacatg gtacttttcc tcagctaatc tcttctcctg 1320 gtacctagat attgcattgt atatcccccc aaattccatg gaatccttga tcagagtttt 1380 aaggtagcat gaaccaaatg ttatctctgt ctcacacttt cacattcaca gagtaacata 1440 gacgtaatac tcagtttcat aacttttttt cctcgcatca cttggttttc atctctacaa 1500 ttttgttgta taggaaccat tcccgactct tgcaaggttt tacgagtcat acaacgaact 1560 gcctgcattt caaaatgcag tcccggagaa gcaaccagat actccttcca ccatctgatt 1620 ctgtgaaccg taagcttctc tcagtctcag ctcaataaaa tctcttagga aacaacaaca 1680 acaccttgaa cttaaatgta tcatatgaac cagggatcca t 1721 42 622 DNA Arabidopsis thaliana misc_feature (1)..(8) restriction site linker 42 atgtcgacgg aaactctgaa ccatattttg gaccttcgaa gaaacttgat tttgagcttg 60 agatggtaag catctgatgc ctcagttatg tggatttgtt ttacaatgat tcggttgatg 120 ctttttggtg ctagttaaga ataacggcat tgacaaacct ctcttttatc acatgatatt 180 caggctgctg tggttggtcc aggaaatgaa ttgggaaagc ctattgacgt gaataatgca 240 gccgatcata tatttggtct attactgatg aatgactgga gtggtactca cttaactata 300 gttttcgttg agtcatcttt aacctgaccg ggcatgaccg gtttttttaa atgtttgttg 360 ttatagctag ggatattcag gcgtgggagt atgtacctct tggtcctttc ctggggaaga 420 gttttggtga gatatttggc ttcaatactt tgatttcatt tcctctagtt gaagtatatg 480 ggcaaagaac ttcggtgaat gttgtcttgt tgtgttgtag ggactactat atccccttgg 540 attgttacct tggatgcgct tgagcctttt ggttgtcaag ctcccaagca ggttggtact 600 taggcatcac attcggtacc at 622 43 32 DNA oligonucleotide 43 atgaattcca tggagtcaaa gattcaaata ga 32 44 32 DNA oligonucleotide 44 atgaattcgg acaatcagta aattgaacgg ag 32 

We claim:
 1. A process for the formation of vitamin E by influencing vitamin E biosynthesis, which comprises reducing homogentisate degradation by reducing homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase (HGD) activity, maleyl-acetocacetate isomerase (MAAI) activity and/or fumaryl acetoacetate hydrolase (FAAH) activity.
 2. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the MAAI activity and/or the FAAH activity is/are reduced and, simultaneously, a) the conversion of homogentisate into vitamin E is improved or b) the biosynthesis of homogentisate is improved.
 3. A process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the HGD activity is reduced and, simultaneously, a) the conversion of homogentisate into vitamin E is improved or b) the TyrA gene is overexpressed.
 4. A process for the increased formation of vitamin E by influencing vitamin E biosynthesis, which comprises a) improving the conversion of homogentisate into vitamin E and simultaneously b) improving the biosynthesis of homogentisate.
 5. A process as claimed in any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the culture of a plant organism is treated with MAAI, HGD or FAAH inhibitors.
 6. A nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence (anti-MAAI/FAAH) which is capable of reducing the MAAI activity or the FAAH activity, or one of its functional equivalents.
 7. A nucleic acid construct as claimed in claim 6, additionally comprising a) a nucleic acid sequence (pro-HG) which is capable of increasing homogentisate (HG) biosynthesis, or one of its functional equivalents; or b) a nucleic acid sequence (pro-vitamin E) which is capable of increasing vitamin E biosynthesis starting from homogentisate, or one of its functional equivalents; or c) a combination of a) and b).
 8. A nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence (anti-HGD) which is capable of inhibiting HGD, or one of its functional equivalents.
 9. A nucleic acid construct as claimed in claim 8 additionally comprising a) a nucleic acid sequence encoding bifunctional chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase enzymes (TyrA) or one of its functional equivalents; or b) a nucleic acid sequence (pro-vitamin E) which is capable of increasing vitamin E biosynthesis starting from homogentisate, or one of its functional equivalents; or c) a combination of a) and b).
 10. A nucleic acid construct comprising a nucleic acid sequence (pro-HG) which is capable of increasing homogentisate (HG) biosynthesis, or one of its functional equivalents, and simultaneously a nucleic acid sequence (pro-vitamin E), which is capable of increasing vitamin E biosynthesis starting from homogentisate, or one of its functional equivalents.
 11. A nucleic acid construct as claimed in any of claims 6 to 10 comprising an anti-MAAI/FAAH sequence or anti-HGD sequence which a) can be transcribed into an antisense nucleic acid sequence which is capable of inhibiting the MAAI/FAAH activity or the HGD activity, or b) causes inactivation of MAAI/FAAH or HGD by homologous recombination, or c) encodes a binding factor which binds to the MAAI/FAAH or HGD genes, thus reducing transcription of these genes.
 12. A nucleic acid construct as claimed in either of claims 7 and 10 comprising a proHG sequence selected from among the genes encoding an HPPD, TyrA.
 13. A nucleic acid construct as claimed in any of claims 7, 9 and 10 comprising a provitamin E sequence selected from among the genes encoding an HPGT, geranylgeranyl oxidoreduktase, 2-methyl-6-phytylplastoquinol methyltransferase, γ-tocopherol methyltransferase.
 14. A recombinant vector comprising a) a nucleic acid construct as claimed in any of claims 6 to 13; or b) a nucleic acid encoding an HGD, MAAH or FAAH, and its functional equivalents, or c) a combination of options a) and b).
 15. A recombinant vector as claimed in claim 14, wherein the nucleic acid or nucleic acid constructs are linked functionally to a genetic control sequence and which is capable of transcribing sense or antisense RNA.
 16. A transgenic organism transformed with a nucleic acid construct as claimed in any of claims 6 to 13 or a recombinant vector as claimed in claim 14 or
 15. 17. A transgenic organism as claimed in claim 16 selected from among bacteria, yeasts, fungi, mosses, animal and plant organisms.
 18. A cell culture, part, transgenic propagation material or fruit derived from a transgenic organism as claimed in claim 16 or
 17. 19. The use of a transgenic organism as claimed in either of claims 16 or 17 or cell cultures, parts, transgenic propagation material or fruits derived therefrom as claimed in claim 18 as foodstuff or feedstuff or for isolating vitamin E.
 20. An antibody, a protein-binding or a DNA-binding factor against polypeptides with HGD, MAAI or FAAH activity, their genes or cDNAs.
 21. The use of polypeptides with HGD, MAAI or FAAH activity, their genes or cDNAs for finding HGD, MAAI or FAAH inhibitors.
 22. A method of finding MAAI, HGD or FAAH inhibitors, which comprises measuring the enzymatic activity of MAAI, HGD or FAAH in the presence of a chemical compound where upon reduction of the enzymatic activity in comparison with the uninhibited activity the chemical compound constitutes an inhibitor.
 23. The use of HGD, MAAI or FAAH inhibitors obtainable in accordance with a method as claimed in claim 22 as growth regulators. 